English Literacy Essay Example for Free

English Literacy EssayThe class I will be taking for my three lessons contains 25 grade 9 students. Of these students on that point is 15 girls and 10 boys. 12 of these students are currently on the job(p) at the average literacy level for grade 9 students. There are 8 students working at an above average level, and 5 students at a below average level. Of these 5 students, 2 boys have behavioural issues, and struggle to stay attentive for long periods. Twice a week there is a teachers Aid available to work with small gatherings for up to 2 hours. This 2 hour period is often lend oneselfd to help break up lessons for the 2 boys with behavioural problems, or occasionally separate them if the need arises. Throughout these literacy lessons the Teachers Aid will be available to help the 5 students who are currently below average literacy levels, as well as busy deeper discussion around the chosen text, with other students in the class. The chosen text for this literacy unit is the song Imagine, originally written and performed by fanny Lennon. everyplace a period of 3 lessons this text will be explored and examined by the three receptive modes of listening, reading and viewing.The text Imagine provides a range of relevant literacy demands for grade 9 students. It is an excellent example of literature that is well structured by an author, for a specific purpose and effect. As stated by the Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2011), By the end of twelvemonth nine students analyse the ways that text structures can be manipulated for effect. around of the literacy demands that can be explored by students in this text include language for interaction, text structure, expressing and developing ideas.These opportunities are provided by the written content and theme of John Lennons song. He uses certain devices, such as metaphor and sentence structure, to suggest the world could be a better place without religion, ownership, war a nd peradventure cultural differences. By analysing the written text, students will have the opportunity to analyse and reflect on how the author has put these messages across. It is too a goal for year 9 students to be able to discuss the content and appeal of an authors literary style (ACARA, 2011).Other literacy demands that are prominent for this text are examining and responding to literature, as well as interacting with others. Lines in the text, such as No concourse below us, above us only sky, offers students the opportunity to pass judgment and discuss their own ideas on the meaning, and intent of the author. Some students may find the comprehension of these tasks easier than others. This can be due to some students having less prior association in specific areas, and therefore may be working at a lower level of literacy (Emmitt, Komesaroff Pollock, 2006).In this case I as a teacher, as well as the Teachers Aid, will be there to support and facilitate knowledge. Visua l and auditory features of this text are excessively evidentiary to the literacy content. The film clip for the song contains Mr Lennon playing a piano and singing in a large empty house, with a woman seated with him. This provides students with an opportunity to analyse the message of the video clip by itself, and in relation to the written lyrics. The ability for students to make connections between the lyrics and clip will be encouraged.Contradictions, such as John playing a beautiful piano inside of a mansion whilst singing about no possessions, will also be looked for in students understanding of the text. The melody of the song is uplifting and enjoyable, and provides another aspect of literacy that students can identify with the authors use of text to cause effect. With the aim of providing an hard-hitting literacy environment, as well as rich opportunities for literacy to take place, a variety of learning practicing will be implemented. This text allows learning practice s such as discussion, group work and presentation.It will be pregnant for me as a teacher to use variediation whilst providing questions for students, to evoke interest and learning . As suggested by Cambornes 7 conditions of learning, liaison in crucial in producing an optimal learning environment. Open class discussions involving all students can be used to generate this quest afterment as well as immerse students into the text (Campbell Green, 2006). Group work will provide another environment where certain students may be more comfortable participating and allow diversity in all students learning.The variation provided by the text allows the use of video clips and audio tapes as a form of diversity, which is important in stimulating and motivating students (Campbell Green, 2006). Another key to maintaining motivation in students is encouragement and feedback. This is an important practice throughout any(prenominal) unit and links to Cambornes learning condition of respon se. This condition advises feedback from not only teachers but also peers, in both formal and informal settings. It is important that feedback is offered in a constructive and in a positive environment (Westwood, 1999).The strategy I will implement throughout my three lessons with be establish around a combination of verbal and written tasks. This will provide students with numerous opportunities to discuss and engage with the text. It will also allow me as a teacher to guide students towards specific learning outcomes associate to my context of health. Using the selected strategy, students will be guided towards exploring and reflecting on personal understanding of the world and significant human experience gained from interpreting various representations of life matters from texts.This is drawn from the grade 9 literacy strand within ACARA 2011. This learning outcome strongly relates to health and upbeat in society, and provides students with the opportunity to discuss their own thoughts and feelings on such topics. As the lessons progress students will be able to analyse the world, and human health related issues of the text. The selected strategy will permit activities such as linking the general theme of the song to other famous text. The uplifting message of the text Imagine suggests that if people work together, the world can become a better place.Other texts such as I have a dream by Martin Luther tycoon Junior, have strong links to this message and can be used to strengthen students understanding of the chosen learning outcome. Demonstrating how to make links between different texts by me as the teacher will be important in providing students the opportunity to observe learning occurring (Wing Jan, 2009). Another important aspect of my lessons will be making sure I cater for all students when setting tasks. Support from the Teachers Aid, and myself, as well as a variation in difficulty levels required in tasks, will help students achieve the chosen learning outcome.When teaching literacy to grade 9 students in this context it will be important to structure lessons and strategies used to guide students in a clear and precise manner*. I have found Cambornes 7 conditions of learning an effective theory to use when planning for the literacy demands of a text, as well as literacy practices to be implemented into the classroom. It is also important to use scaffolding through a unit of work, especially when the intended learning outcome is at a level students have not previously achieved (Winch, Johnston, March, Ljungdahl Holliday, 2006).Blooms Taxonomy is a good example of how to scaffold correctly and create rich learning opportunities. Blooms Taxonomy also links to Cambornes conditions. The condition of Use for example, where students use their knowledge through their everyday lives, links with the later stages of Blooms Taxonomy. Scaffolding should be guided by the strategies chosen by the teacher to engage students in each les son of the unit (Campbell Green, 2006).

Analysing Elizabeth Browning And Lord Tennyson English Literature Essay

Analysing Elizabeth toasting And Lord Tennyson English Literature EssayTwo of the most successful poets of the 19th blow, particularly between 1830 and 1900, were Elizabeth Barrett browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson. The verse forms be studied throughout this essay are Aurora Leigh and The Cry of the Children by Elizabeth browning, and The lady of Shallot, In Memoriam and The Lotus-Eaters by Alfred Tennyson. All of these poems show how poets of the dainty era caboodlet with the concept of morality in their own modern worlds. In detail, this essay will focus on Elizabeth Brownings libber nature in her poems. Browning also writes about the contemporary exits during her lifetime, like the conflicts women faced as regards their home and lop lives. This is shown on Aurora Leigh in great detail. She also writes about the trial of young children and this is evident in the poem The Cry of the Children. This essay will also discuss Alfred Lord Tennyson and the diametrical themes that he used throughout his writings, such as loss, romance and loneliness. His poetry is based a lot on emotions. It is sometimes suggested that he based his poetry on his own life and his ablaze state at different times in his life. Both of these poets give opportunities to the reader to see deeper into the life of society back in the 19th century.Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the most famous poets in England in the priggish era for several reasons. Her feminine status aided her poems in getting noniced and in getting read. In most of her poems she shows an interest or at least a glimpse into the world around at the time. Her poem Aurora Leigh (1857) is compose in the form of a novel poem. At the time that she wrote this it wasnt know for women to write novel or epic poems, if they were to write it would only be fiddling verses, or in some cases like Browning they would also write sonnets. The poem has a contemporary setting and it shows issues of the modern society , especially in congeneric to the conflict between gender and genre in poetry. In Victorian society, there was a lot more emphasis dress on the worthiness of women and also there was the sense that women would be looked down upon if they didnt uphold these apotheosiss. Elizabeth Browning wrote in a way, against society, so to a point she was a typical Victorian poet. She was, in a sense, feeding into modernism, moving away from your typical society ways. We can see this too in her poem Aurora Leigh when she says Their sole determine is to represent the age, their age, not Charlemagnes, this live, throbbing age (ll. 202-203). In an article by Joyce Zanona on Elizabeth Browning there is a lot of discussion around the feminist nature of Aurora Leigh. She goes through how Aurora talks of the treatment of women, and hoe women to Aurora were being treated as offal. In The Norton Anthology of English literature it tells us of how there were many contemporary artists at this time, suc h as Emily Dickinson or John Ruskin that admired her work for her moral and emotional ardour and her energetic difference of opinion with the issues of her day. Her poetry is noted to have a general sense of morality running through, in both her early works and her later works later on her marriage to Robert Browning, in poems like The Cry of the Children and in her sonnets.In The Cry of the Children Elizabeth Browning gives an insight into gender powers in society in the 1800s, the industrial renewal and also into the system of morality that some say failed during the Victorian period. In the poem, Browning describes the life of little children in the 1800s, during the time of the Industrial Revolution. In the dishonor classes they were made to work from a very young age, whether it was in the workhouses or on farms or anywhere. A lot of Victorian writers wrote for the cause that was the life of these little kids, and the social life mainly of the poorer classes and the social struggles. In The Cry of the Children Browning say They are weeping bitterly They are weeping in the playtime of others, in the country of the free (ll. 10-12). A lot of poets felt like it was the lives of the kids that needed to be protected during the hard times of the revolution and the 19th century in general. Her poem, even from the first line, suggests the sorrow of the children in the 19th century and they sad times that they were faced with. She paints the picture of a nice picturesque space to live with The young lambs are bl have in the meadows, the young birds are chirping in the nest (ll.5-6). She also wonders if the young children wonder why they cry so much. The images of the dead trees and dying hope also suggests that at the time that Browning wrote the poem there was a lot of troubles and hardships in society. The dishonored images may represent the damaged society that was around then, in that they had a lot of rules and ideals which Browning and other poets fe lt needed to be forgotten.Alfred, Lord Tennyson, was mostly known for his short poems, a lot of which had themes of a mythological nature, like Ulysses. Separate to these however was In Memoriam, which was written in memory of his fellow poet and best friend Arthur Hallam, written in 1850 and being one of the biggest successes he produced throughout his career. In his poetry Tennyson can be seen to have reflected on a common concern that was also evident among other poets of that era, the conflict that was occurring between the expansion of knowledge in the scientific world and the religious faith. In his poem In Memoriam he doesnt really put emphasis on one way of thinking or a particular religion, however in his poem Ulysses Tennyson writes about how it is better to live in the present than dwell on the past, how you need to look forward to the future and move forward with knowledge and experience. In the poem he says that the mind acts to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yiel d (l. 70), so he is leaning towards the side of science, that if you have wisdom you can move forward and be happy, faith isnt a necessity. In In Memoriam Tennyson struggles a little because of his faith, how it started to disappear after the death of his friend. As the poem goes on, the tone changes to a brighter, more pleasant feeling because it seems he has come to the final stage that his faith cannot be destroyed, especially not by knowledge or science.The Lady of Shallot was originally written in 1832 but it was later rewrite by Tennyson and finally it was published a decade later, in 1842. The Lady of Shallot can be viewed as being similar to the story of the maiden of Astolat, however Tennyson always said that it was actually based on a personal experience, on an old Italian Romantic encounter. In Flavia Alayas book it says Interpretations of The Lady of Shallot represent it as one of Tennysons many unresolved expressions of his peculiar dilemma artistic dedication vs. Soc ial responsibility, failing to make an essential promissory note between disposition and activity whereby his meaning becomes less paradoxical. He struggled with trying to decide whether or not writing about things that mattered to him, like politics tarradiddle and general humanitarian issues would take away from his poetry what he worked so hard to put into it, magic.The Lotus-Eaters is a poem which describes a couple of mariners who after eating lotus are isolated from the world. In The Lotus-Eaters there is the theme of whether or not a poet should create work to celebrate the world, or whether they should just bang the world simply by nourishment in it. The poem suggests that by giving in to the power that the flower conveys, the mariners are misleading themselves. In the poem Tennyson says meadow, set with slender galingale a land where all things always seemed the same (ll.23-24). It is more or less as if by eating the lotuss that the mariners were leaving reality and th ey preferably were entering a world where thing seemed to be different than they actually were. The poem The Lotus Eaters considers the differences between living in a community and living on ones own in isolation.Unlike in The Lotus Eaters, in his poem The Lady of Shallot, the woman is isolated but in a different way than the mariners. The difference in their isolation being that she doesnt really have a choice in the situation, she cannot leave whereas the mariners could leave the island. She has no choice in her isolated state. The Lady is lured away and there is also a curse involved. One could make the argument that Tennyson was writing about his own life, the struggle from being isolated and torn between it and the public eye because of his poetry.In both Elizabeth Barrett Brownings and Alfred Lord Tennysons writings, the issue of womens sexuality and their place in the Victorian era is evident. The social status of women in the Victorian era showed problems in the national power of England with appalling social conditions. Difficulties grew more and more for women because there was this idea where there was the ideal woman. This was at the time when there was gender inequality in both politics and society. Women were seen to have a domestic purpose and to maybe do work in the workhouses if they were poor, but in the poem Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Browning writes about Auroras success in both her professional and home lives, and this too poses the question of what the role was for women in the Victorian era was. Browning seems to of put some of her own experiences as a woman writer in this era into Aurora Leigh, almost as if she is completely writing about herself under a disguised name, her problems as a woman.This essay has shown how in their own different ways, both of these poets dealt with the issue of morality and society in their own way and in their own lives. It also showed the different ways that poets and writers in the Victorian era tried to deal with social issues, like Elizabeth Browning and child labour and feminist activity or Alfred Lord Tennyson and the emotions people had to deal with along with problems et cetera. It showed clearly how there was an severe lot of problems facing writers in the 19th century and it showed the different emotional states which they all went through and how they portrayed these in their poetry. It showed their way of dealing with the moral lam of poetry in the modern world.

Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself”: An Analysis

Walt Whitmans Song of Myself An AnalysisWalt Whitmans Song of Myself A Mystics cartroad of the SelfIn the poem Song of Myself Walt Whitman identifies himself as more than a poet, but as a mystic as well. The verbalizer stresses the spiritual logical implication of a cathartic self, unburdened by the programming of society. Whitman does not use regular meter, butat some points he seems to slip into a tralatitious use of stresses and vanquish. (Team). The speaker unit identifies what a mystics h superannuated up is while using a full spectrum of imagery patterns as well as stresses and beats to illustrate depth of image to the sound outer. Whitmans message is that of a mystic, giving insight into the inner treasure of awareness of ones self. He places a need to bring ones self to a cathartic state from all the borrowed knowledge in the world in order to convalesce ones accept intelligence. The speaker of the poem believes that if one acquires a state of catharsis, awareness of the self notify be realized among the simplest of experiences and ones intelligence can then bring meaning and understanding.The archetypical line reads I celebrate myself, and sing myself. (Whitman) The speaker identifies himself as a mystic. The sole function of a mystic as stated by Osho is to celebrate himself thats what a mystic has always been supposed to do (Osho Speaks on Walt Whitman) The mystic finds gaiety within solitude, alone among himself. The mystics message is that the joy of ones own aloneness is our birthright. Unlike loneliness, aloneness is the enjoyment of ones own company. The mystic befriends himself, his aloneness, that which he considers the essential being.In the succeeding(prenominal) two lines the speaker says and what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as darling belongs to you. The denomination assume stands for a capacity for intelligence. Unlike intellect, intelligence is not derived of borrowed knowledge but from one s own existential experience. The speaker is face that the capacity I have for intelligence you also have. Intelligence is a quality or depth of awareness. It is universal among all things. (Whitman)The succeeding(a) indite reads, I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. The speaker is providing the right way to awareness. The speaker uses the word Loafe twice. This word choice symbolizes the relaxation as the source for right awareness. Merely trying to reach aware applies strain and tension. The speaker describes an effortlessness and as he leans and loafes at his own ease. (Whitman)The next verse follows , My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air, Born hither of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I , now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. The speaker is making a commitment to become more and more aware. The speaker uses sp oken language from the first line My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air, to symbolize the connectedness of all things. The second and deuce-ace lines, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, symbolizes the role of man to reach his potential. Through awareness we can reach the source of intelligence. All our lives and the lives of our ancestors have served for this very purpose, to reach ones potential. (Whitman)The next verse speaks on spontaneity and truth. The first line goes, Creeds and schools in abeyance. The word abeyance is used to symbolize the knowledgeability collected by society. In the next line the speaker identifies the knowledge or intellect gained finished these sources as ego pleasing devices saying, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten. The speaker is identifying borrowed knowledge. The last line reads, I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazar d, Nature without impediment with inventoryal energy. The speaker describes the use of intelligence outside the boundaries of knowledgeability. The speaker reveals experience and action out of ones awareness as the highest use of intelligence. acting outside knowledgeability is known as spontaneity or what the mystic calls action through intelligence and awareness. (Whitman)In the second half of the poem the first verse reads, Houses and rooms are full of perfumes, the shelves are crowded with perfumes. Whitman uses stresses and beats in this first line. The rhythm goes HOUSes and ROOMS are FULL of perFUMES. The second and third lines read, I breathe the fragrance myself and know it and like it, The distillation would intoxicate me also, but I shall not let it. The speaker describes non-possessiveness. The pleasant fragrances are experiences. The speaker is performing the function of the mystic which is to not judge or hold on to any particular experience. (Whitman)The next ver se follows, The atmosphere is not a perfume, it has no taste of the distillation, it is odorless. The speaker uses the word atmosphere to describe the whole and perfume is used again to symbolize experience. The whole is not concerned with attainment. The speaker goes on to describe the atmosphere as tasteless, and odorless. Through right awareness one can come to know wholeness, or atmosphere. The second line reads, It is for my peach forever, I am in love with it, the word forever symbolizes the infinitive nature of awareness. The following lines read, I pull up stakes go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked, I am mad for it to be in contact with me. The speaker takes on the mystics love affair with going beyond the mind. The speakers madness symbolizes living in the present moment as going beyond the mind, becoming meditative. (Whitman)The next verse use patterns of a wide variety of imagery. The entire verse reads, The smoke of my own breath, Echoes, rippl es, buzzd whispers, love-root, silk-thread, crotch and vine, My respiration and inspiration, the beating of my heart, the passing of blood and air through my lungs, The sniff of green leaves and dry eaves, and of the shore and dark-colord sea-rocks, and of hay in the barn, The sound of the belchd words of my voice loosd to the eddies of the wind, A few light kisses, a few embraces, a reaching around of arms, The play of shine and shade on the trees as the supple boughs wag, The delight alone or in the rush of the streets, or along the fields and hill-sides, The feeling of health, the full-noon trill, the song of me rising from bed and meeting the sun. (Whitman)The speaker uses visual, auditory and tactile patterns of imagery to perk up experiences for the ratifier. My respiration and inspiration, describes these images as the product of living. They are the small subtle moments in which one becomes more and more aware. Whether it be the smallest of experiences of the passing of b lood and air through ones lungs, or the sound of the belchd words of ones, voice loosd to the eddies of the wind. These seemingly simple experiences can-not go by curtly by a mystic. These experiences are not merely fortuitous but the involvement of ones essential being. (Whitman)This next verse follows, Have you intendd a thousand acres untold? Have you rechond the earth much? Have you practisd so long to learn to read? Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems? The speaker identifies subjugation of ones intelligence. The use of the word reckond symbolizes calculation. The speaker is simply asking if ones involvement with their intelligence is merely to calculate and to acquire skills and knowledge from outside sources. The speaker asks if the reader will look at the work in a calculative way when he says, Have you rechond the earth much? The speaker attacks the ego when he says, Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems? It is ones thirst for knowledgeab ility that misses the value of meaning itself. (Whitman)The last verse of the poem describes the value of intelligence through awareness in a cathartic state. The first two lines read, Stop this day and night with me and you shall possess the origin of all poems. You shall possess the good of the earth and sun, (there are millions of suns left,) The speaker uses the phrase the origin of all poems, to describe ones pursuit for understanding or meaning. The next lines of the verse describe necessity of a cathartic self. through the eyeball of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books, You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me, You shall listen to all sides and filter them from your self. The speaker identifies knowledgeability as a burden to ones advancement in order to experience the self. The phrases, through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books symbolize all the obtained knowledge or borrowed knowledge that does not provide depth to in dividual experience. (Whitman)Walt Whitmans Song of Myself are the words of a mystic. He identifies aloneness as a treasurable essence of the essential being to be celebrated. His poem closely defines right-awareness as a relaxed or loafe approach to the most subtle experiences. Whitman describes knowledgeability alone a burden to the essential being, where the pursuit for meaning becomes entangled with preconceived ideas and barrowed knowledge. Whitman implores the reader to reach a cathartic state from all the borrowed knowledge in the world that has crowded the view of ones self. Walt Whitman believes that there is a much more qualitative depth to ones intelligence and through the bond of ones self, of ones aloneness even the simplest of experiences can provide the richness of poetry.Works CitedOsho Speaks on Walt Whitman. 5 9 2014. 25 10 2014 http//www.oshonews.com/2014/09/osho-speaks-on-walt-whitman/.Team, Shmoop Editorial. Song Of Myself. Ed. Shmoop Editorial Team. N.P. N.P. 2 014. Shmoop University, Inc. 22 Oct 2014 http//www.shmoop.com/song-of-myself/rhyme-form-meter.html.Whitman, Walt. Chapter 29 Song of Myself. Mandell, Laurie G. Kirszner Stephen R. LIT educatee Edition. Boston Michael Rosenberg, 2012. 520-521.

The Concept Of Pricing To Market Economics Essay

The Concept Of determine To Market Economics EssayThe term Pricing to Market was first examined by Paul Krugman in 1987 (Kasa, 1992).The judgment of PTM was explained by Krugman with the reference to the example of European automobile industry, in which he describes that the increase in US dollar against the European bullion was the reason for the price difference in automobiles in US and Europe. Due to this difference in price the sozzleds in the US started entailmenting from Europe. In response the European firms adjusted there price against US dollar to maintain the export price in the foodstuff. This phenomenon of leeway to the export price by the foreign firm is known as Pricing to Market.Similar definition for this concept, for instant, given by Mark (2001) in which he described PTM as the ability to set different prices in the domestic and foreign market, this price discrimination is practiced by monopolistically competitive firms in beau monde to take advantage of wo rld(prenominal) pricing differences. at that placefore, we can say that PTM is the way of adjustment of prices for different market by firms in order to exploit the international price differences.He also explained that integ graded international market have given rise to this concept, by segmenting it into two different markets, Domestic and foreign market, as well as the concept of price discrimination. This essay provide outline and review the concept of pricing to market. It pass on be followed by the implications of PTM for purchasing advocate Parity. Furthermore the empirical evidence on the extent of pricing to market will be discussed.According to Knetter (1989) value of goods to be exported by a firm varies receivable to the fluctuations in the vary rate between the home hoidenish and the foreign country, which effect the peripheral woo of the goods, to stabilise the effect of commuting rate the selfsame(prenominal) type of goods atomic number 18 sold for differe nt price in different market, this term in literature is known as pricing to market.The concept of pricing to market deviates from the law of wiz price, which carrys that goods of same type be sold for same price in different markets (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). It means that PTM deviates from palatopharyngoplasty or does not hold PPP.The factors responsible for this deviation are thePrice discrimination if the producer is selling similar tradable goods in different markets which are segmented as a consequence of transportation costs, imperfect information and dole out barriers indeed the producer maximise its profit by discriminating price, different price for same product in different market.Ex kind rate pass finished it means that the fluctuation in the exchange rates in the international market is adjusted by the changes in prices of the goods in domestic market.Temporal shift of profits monopolistically competitive firms willing to increase their profit margins when there is an increase in the foreign currency.The above statement is explained by Kasa (1992) in which he states that the pricing to market was not only driven by price discrimination as well as some other factors were also influential.As say by Krugman (1987) that the pricing to market is relate to market structure of the respective country in the international trade. There three factors explained by Cheung (2001) responsible for the adjustment of relative prices to the exchange rate are the followingMarket integration or separationIt means when the price in market A and price in market B are strongly related to each other, then it is said to integrated market and in the absence of this relation it is known as market separation. The reason for this due to factors like absence of transaction cost to foster competition, to increase the flow of investment and consumption and the market structure.Substitution between domestic and foreign variant of a productIf there is a close substitute be tween the domestic and foreign then the demand for the product will be elastic and vice versa. We can also state it as market power, because if there is no close substitute for a particular product in a specific market, then the firms are having pregnant market power to set prices.Market structureMarket segmentation determines the level of competition in the industry, which impacts the response of the firms to the exchange rate changes and result in price discrimination.Since, PTM plays a significant role in determination of exchange rate in international macroeconomic fluctuations, studying it reason for existence is real implicationant.There are few reasons stated byAccording to Krugman (1987) PTM exist if the import prices are not adjusted in proportion to the changes in exchange rate.Knetter (1993) explains that PTM occurs as a result of adjustment costs or intemporal demand linkage.As well as Alexius and Vredin (1999) explained that degree of PTM is also influenced by the substance import demand of the destination country.As explained by Naug and Nymoen (1996) that maintaining the import price is significant for its performance in international trade because it effects the terms of trade and trade balance as well as there are many other reasons like domestic inflation and foreign competition.However now we are going to explain the implication of PTM for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), but first briefly elaborated the term PPP. It means that a unit of currency should have the same worth in different country if the prices are expressed in common currency. As stated by Grauwe (1996) the theory of PPP explains that exchange rate equilibrium is determined by the changes in the domestic and foreign price ratio. Taylor and Taylor (2004) argue that PPP theory means the nominal exchange rate between two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between the two countries, so that a unit of currency of one country will have a same purcha sing power in foreign country.The basic concept underlying this theory is that the arbitrage forces will result in balancing the prices of goods in different countries by exploiting the price differences across borders. This implies that the use of PTM by monopolistic firms is not appropriate, but this concept legato exist because there are many reasons to support that the price cant be equal everywhere like trade cost ,tariff and non-tariff barriers, trade policies etc. Due to which the firms are forced to set different price because these factors are not reflected in the exchange rate, low exchange rate pass through.There are two version of this theoryAbsolute PPP it is states that prices of identical goods are equal in different country if the exchange rate is in common currency. Algebraically, it will be stated asS = P /P*Where S = Exchange RateP = Price of identical goods in domestic countryP*= Price of identical goods in foreign countryAccording to Pilbeam (2006) in the case when domestic inflation rises with respect to the inflation in foreign country, there is a proportional decrease in the home currency to the foreign currency.Relative PPP it simply states that the difference in inflation level of two different countries is reflected in the exchange rate adjustment. Algebraically, it will be represented as% (change) S = % (change) P % (change) P*Where % (change) S = percentage change in exchange rate% (change) P = percentage change in the domestic inflation rate% (change) P* = percentage change in foreign inflation rateThe exchange rate movements and PPP are inversely related (Grauwe, 1996) which was experienced by US in mid-eighties when their currency and inflation rate increased more than German inflation rate.According to Betts and Devereuse (2000) PTM increases the volatility in exchange rate which in result affect the consumption and output pattern of the country. It also shifts the global demand toward the weak currency, therefore the aggre gate export of the particular country increases. In the example US and Germany automobile export, assuming that there is imperfect completion, Germany is having significant market power. If there is an increase in US dollar against German currency, the prices of German export will decrease in US, the US importer affects the price rise Germany by implementing PTM. According to Cheung (2001) there are deviations in PPP due to the incomplete pass through of exchange rate, which caused due to PTM. Therefore, if there is low exchange rate pass through, the exchange rate does not affect the price rise in Germany which in result states that it does not hold PPP.Furthermore, the empirical evidence on the PTM is discussed with reference to the work of many scholars as followsAccording to the research conducted by Krugman (1987) in which he investigated the extent of PTM with respect to the foreign suppliers to prove that the concept PTM is real but not applicable in all cases. In case of US and German automobile industry, he studied the correlation between the market structure and PTM through trade models. The basis of comparison to study the extent of PTM wasUS manufacturing import price with the import price index by using export price of major trading partners.Germans price on export of automobiles with other European countries (extra European export).Comparing the export price of Germany to the US and the rest of world.The conclusion of the above study done by Krugman (1987) was that when PTM comes into existence when the exchange rate changes in the case of US and German trade, because when the US dollar appreciate the price of US import and price identical goods in rest of the world is affected. yet there were some limitations of PTM, in the case of US and German trade the effect of PTM was only seen in transportation equipment and machinery industries, due to which it can be stated as a universal phenomenon.In 1992 Kasa studied the effects of exchange rate on p rices of goods using the adjustment cost model. According to him the monopolistically competitive firms which are capable of setting prices for different market utilise their profit margin to maintain different price in foreign markets. He also highly-developed a dynamic price setting model by analysing the firms using PTM for trading in foreign markets.Due to the price adjustment by the firms the marginal cost of supplying goods to the foreign market causes systematic deviation of PTM from justice of one price. Finally he states that the transitory component of exchange rate are the only significant factor which influence the PTM, which was supported by the fact that German import prices appreciated in US, in relation with other countries due to the effect of rise in US against Deutschmark.Lavoie and Liu (2007) examined the result of PTM when the differential products are taken as export units in which he revealed that the PTM shows false result in the case of differentiated produ ct taken in export units (value and volume of specific product and country). According to him the deviation in the result of PTM is positively related to the degree to differentiated product.Similarly, Alexius and Vredin (1999) argued that systematic differences between the prices in different markets and the export prices are affected by the macroeconomic conditions of the respective country. His research stated that aggregate demand in export market and the exchange rate affects the PTM. As well as he described the large and persistent deviation of PTM from Law of one price, are due to the changes in exchange rate.In conclusion, PTM is the actual phenomenon which is influenced by many factors like degree of exchange rate fluctuation, product differentiation, macroeconomic factors of the respective country, and amount of aggregate export of a country, but can be applied universally. At last it would be appropriate to state that PTM is cost-efficient pricing behaviour by the monopo listic firms.

I, Too, Am America :: essays research papers

I, Too, Am Americaby kooshla     America, the melting pot of the world, and yet its different look sharps haveso much trouble melding together. gibe to statistics, in all told probability,I have a higher chance than any other race teenager of non graduating from high nurture. By stereotype, all I do is eat fried chicken, sell drugs, and playbasketball. In society, I might work twice as hard as the undermentioned man and not getthe promotion. I am a part of the percentage who chooses to defy theprobability, break the stereotype, and change society. I, Too, Am America.     Unfortunately, in my experience by junior and senior high, thecommon black attitude towards education has been one of neglect. Not caringabout one "F," or the other, careening through high school with a gpa of 1.5.However, there are those who really care about their grades, earning the respectof their peers and friends. I strive to be in the latter group, so that I canbetter myself. For every black student who makes that extra effort, that bettergrade, there leave be another person who becomes more enlightened to the factsand not the fiction of black life in America. In the act of improving my mind,I am not only helping myself but furthering the cause for eff equalitythroughout the nation.      As part of Americas black youth, I must grow up in a world of racism,no matter what so-called "huge steps" have been made. It is up to me not to usethis as an excuse but as an obstacle to surmount. In my lifetime I get out befaced with prejudice which may hinder my progress. This opposition must not bemet with excuses for substandard work, or inadequate job qualification. It mustbe met with a serious work ethic, justly qualified applicants, and intelligenceso not to be denied for any reason. Through this procedure black people willgain equality and vanquish the racist mentality. I will be one of those peopleto meet the adversary with full force of mind.     I am a black teenager who plays soccer and tennis. Sometimes I amridiculed for playing these sports by other blacks. I also face ridicule when Imake good grades and care about my school work. There will be times when I willhave to fight against my own race to get where I want to be in life. My highschool career is one of those times. I am and will continue to be myself. Iwill not stray from my path.

Lester Pearson :: essays research papers

Lester PearsonLester B. Pearson lived from 1897-1972. He was born on April 23 1897, inNewtonbrooke Ontario (now part of Toronto). He died on December 27 1972. Hewas born the son of a Methodist parson. As a child he worked very hard inschool, and he became one of the minority of high-pitched school graduates who went onto college.In his studies he went to Victoria College and the Methodist College inside theUniversity of Toronto. In his free time he played hockey and baseball. He thencebecame a medical doctor in the Royal Flying Corps. He was Private Pearson inthe Canadian Army Medical Corps. This took him to numerous foreign countriesfrom 1915-1917. When he returned he went to Oxford University under theguidance of the poet Robert Graves. When he graduated he enrolled for theassignment of the Royal Flying Corps. He then began taking flight training andas fate would have it he was hit by a London Transport Bus. He remained in thehospital until he revived in the spring of 1918. In N ovember 1918 he enrolled inthe University of Toronto again. On June 5 1919 he graduated. Like m each otheryoung veterans he was at a press release for something to do. Law was a respectableprofession at the time so he ground away at the ungrateful task of articling forlaw. After a week he resolved that business was more promising. He worked at anumber of places but in the end he decided to initiate at the University of Toronto.He taught history in the University of Toronto from 1924-1928. All his studentssaid he was a very unique teacher. In March 1924 one of his students, MaryonMoody decided to ensure getting her degree by becoming engaged to her teacher.And it worked. On August 22, 1925 Lester Pearson and Maryon Moody got marriedin Winnipeg. From there on they lived just impertinent of Toronto. Later he signedup for a position in The Canadian External Affairs part. The governmentofficials at first thought he had some sort of mental disorder due to the way hedressed and acted. In 1928 he got a position in the Canadian Department ofExternal Affairs despite their beliefs. At the time Pearson had a very importantposition because Canada had finally achieved a feeling of nationalism. Canadaalso had hardly any diplomatic relations with other countries because GreatBritain still handled most of its affairs. For that reason when Great Britainwent to war with Germany, so did Canada.

Use of Imagination in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Study in Scarlet and Sig

While reading Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Arthur Conan Doyles A ingest in Scarlet and Sign of the Four, I found myself impatiently competing against Mr. Utterson and Sherlock Holmes to find out the solutions to the crimes. Stevenson and Doyle cleverly give the imagination of their protagonists to display through assumed literature the concern late Victorians felt approximately the rise of a new science. The characters of Utterson and Holmes resemble each other in their roles as objective observers who use imagination to create a picture in the readers mind about the narrative. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Utterson is a prominent London lawyer retained to oversee Dr. Jekylls personalised affairs. Utterson is characterized as an upright and honest man who is genuinely interested in his clients well being. Through his acquaintance with Enfield, a man about London, Utterson learns more about Dr. Jekylls friend, the mysterious Mr. Hyde. F or the readers benefit, Utterson exhibits his imagination by opening a window to the discrete aspects of Dr. Jekylls life. It is important for readers to envision the discrete aspects of Jekylls character including his good and evil nature that he continually experiments with through scientific study. This display of imagination allows the narrative to smoothly unfold and quantify Stevensons attempt to reveal late Victorian concerns through fiction. In the same way, Sign of the Fours character of Holmes uses imagination through his role as an optimistic, amateur detective. Holmes is portrayed as being driven by his imagination, which compels him to shoot cocain in order to alleviate the feeling of boredom... ... at Pondicherry Lodge and while Uttersons concern with character of Jekyll discloses an aspect of the new science that probes the duality of good versus evil. plant Cited and Consulted Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet in The Complete Sherlock Holmes. New York D oubleday and Company, Inc., 1930. 22-75. Chesney, Kellow. The Victorian Underworld. New York Schocken Books, 1970. Macdonald, Ross. The Writer as Detective Hero. Detective prevarication A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Robin W. Winks. Englewood Cliffs, London Prentice-Hall, 1980. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. First Vintage Classics Edition. New York Vintage Books, 1991. Veeder, William. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde after One Hundred Years. Eds. William Veeder and Gordon Hirsch. bread University of Chicago Press, 1988.