Grimm Fairy Tales

Anonymous Disneyfied Fairy Tales Everybody knows how Cinderella found her glass slipper after dancing at the ball. Snow White and Sleeping Beauty were awoken by true loves kiss and lived happily ever after. The Little Mermaid longed to live on shore to be with that one special person. The thing that people don’t know is that the tales are wrong. Grimm Fairy tales are the original fairy tales dating back to early Germany. Disney took the fairy tales and put their own spin on them to be more appealing to children.The origin of the fairytales cast a large shadow over the new â€Å"Disneyfied† tales with major transformations, differences, and a syndrome that sparked from the change as well as up rises among feminists in the community. The Grimm Brothers were German professors who grew famous for publishing classic fairy tales and through their work in linguistics. Linguistics relates to how the sound in words shift over time through translations, specifically relating to h ow translations of tales were changed because of the switching between languages (Grimm Fairy Tales).Before being professors and taking an interest in linguistics, it was a tragedy that originally brought them to discovering the fairytales. Without the tragedy, who knows if the fairy tales would be around today? The Grimm Brothers grew interested in the fairy tales after their father died unexpectedly and the family grew very poor (Brothers Grimm). The Brothers later met a wise man that brought them to a library filled with old books containing a couple tales (Brothers Grimm). The flame continued as they read the tales and grew more of an interest.They started to listen to people’s favorite stories in order to hear vocal patterns and while doing this; it helped them to record the tales that would be later published (Grimm’s Fairy Tales). By understanding the linguistics behind story telling they were able to understand how the pieces of the tale fit together as best as possible. The Grimm Brothers were determined to preserve the true Germanic folktales as they were, however, once popularity spread amongst them, pieces in the story started changing (Brothers Grimm).Originally, the fairy tales were meant to be told at campfires and in taverns as entertainment to adults, not primarily to children like it is nowadays (Layt). Over the years, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm began a collection of the fairytales in the 1800’s that were like the previous European generations- gruesome and cruel (Brothers Grimm). By spending time in the library for a while, the brothers interest flourished and they officially gathered all the fairy tales in one big book that they named their own (Brothers Grimm).They began their own collection of books with stories and folktales, telling them mostly to women (Brothers Grimm). Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm kept a record of the tales and published them officially in 1812 called â€Å"Children’s and Household Tales†, w ith a follow up edition in 1814 (Hunt). Over the various new editions to the collections, the Brothers due to word pronunciation, altered the books as well as changing possible implications of sex, pregnancy and parents changed minor details (The Brothers Grimm).In the Grimm brothers first book, it contained 86 folktales and was popular and very successful (â€Å"Grimm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In the next volume, â€Å"Grimm’s Fairy Tales†, 70 more stories were added (â€Å"Grimm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). After 6 editions, the book contained over 200 stories (â€Å"Grimm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The Brothers hard work and dedication throughout the course of making the books led to it being one of the most well known works of German literature in history (â€Å"Grimm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The time period in which the books were written reflects Germany’s state of being in many small Germanic communities.Fairy Tales takes places in Kingdoms, much like the small communities seen in Germany at t he time (The Brothers Grimm). This also is an indication of alterations between tales due to the fact there was no unification and as the tale went through the grapevine, making it was easy for things to get changed or mixed up. The fairy tales show life lessons about strangers, trust, and watching what you wish for and carry’s on to be the foundation for popular fairy tales today (The Brothers Grimm).Throughout the stories, abusive parents, distressed damsels, and chivalry are the building blocks for most classic Disney movies (The Brothers Grimm). It wasn’t until the 19th and 20th centuries that original fairy tales became more focused towards children rather than adults (origin). As the focus shifted and things got changed from history, Disney producers feared that by only showing interpretations of Grimm Fairy Tales, it can cause people to lose sight of what the actual fairy tales were (Brothers Grimm).Although things were altered over time, nothing can take away f rom the stories core, spreading them around the world in more than 160 languages (Brothers Grimm). As time went on, other editors changed things as well. They became softer and sweeter, spreading morality, unlike their original descendants from the Germanic folktales (Brothers Grimm). The Grimm Tales show angry, wild beasts in dark forests. Disney shows a softer side by making all animals nice and only changing the mood to horror if completely necessary for the shortest amount of time possible (Disneyfication).American producers now feel that fairy tales must end with a happy ending, ruining the message that was intended to be sent by original fairy tales (Teramis). Modern day authors take the stories and add new humor to take away from the â€Å"scariness† of the tale (Berner). New endings provide unique twists that were altered to create a different version seen in Disney fairytales (Berner). Everybody knows the story of the beautiful girl, Cinderella and how she was saved from her horrible life from a handsome prince and carried off into the sunset to live happily ever after.However, that’s the way that Disney portrays but Grimm’s fairy tales has a little bit of a different view towards it. In the original Cinderella, it is her mother’s words on her bedside before she dies that pushed Cinderella to be the best she can and not to let the abuse her stepmother and stepsisters put on her dragging her down (Holler). In the movie by Disney, he real mother isn’t even mentioned which leaves a hole in the story that may be confusing at first.After years of slaving away for her stepmother and stepsisters, the invitation for the Prince’s ball comes in and they all prepare to go. A slight alteration between the movie and the fairy tales was that it wasn’t just a one-day ball that happened, but a 3-day festival (Taylor). The Prince would look for Cinderella and would only dance with her, turning down any other offers give n to him (Taylor). On the third night, she hurried home because her stepsisters and stepmother was coming home, not because the magic in her dress was wearing off (Taylor).Referring to the magic seen in the movie, in the fairytale itself there is actually no magic present at all or even fairy godmother. Although she exists in the movie and gives Cinderella her beautiful dress and pumpkin coach, she does not exist (Taylor). In the original tale, birds bring a gold dress with gold shoes lined with satin for her to wear (Taylor). Not only is the Godmother made up, but the portrayal of the slippers and blue dress was misleading in the movie as well (Taylor). In another version of the story, the translation between languages may have mixed up the slipper even more.The French words â€Å"verre† and â€Å"vair† sound extremely close meaning that it is uncertain if she had a fur slipper, a glass slipper, or like seen in another translation, a golden slipper (Layt). While at th e ball, it shows her leaving behind her slipper by accident, however, in the Grimm version, the prince convinces her to leave her slipper behind so that he may go find her after the ball (Aschenputtel). In the movie, when the Prince goes to find Cinderella to try on the slipper, he encounters her stepsisters who try to cram their feet into the slippers to prove that it was them he was dancing with.In Grimm’s fairytales, the stepsisters try cutting off their toes and heels from orders of their stepmother so the Prince may take them home (Layt). After the sisters force their feet to fit into the slipper, the prince believed them until he noticed the blood coming from the shoe (Taylor). For a prince who seemed so in love with Cinderella, it shows Grimm’s dark side considering he couldn’t tell the difference between the women and solely relied on the fact that the shoe fit. The prince didn’t realize it was Cinderella right away like in the movie.Due to the st epmothers and stepsisters attempt to trick the prince, the birds who brought her dress to her pecked the eyes out of them for their wickedness showing the harsh Germanic tales that provided exquisite detail (Layt). After they get their eyes pecked out, they live as blind beggars for the rest of their lives with a broken bond between Cinderella and her fortunes (Differences†¦). Cinderella lives happily ever after, however, the stepmother and stepsisters don’t live fortunately like what is shown in the movie with no money, no house, and no toes.Snow White is a loved classic from Disney that shows a beautiful girl who stumbles upon a quaint little cottage in the woods and lives with dwarves until her prince comes to save her. In the original Snow White, it featured her and her sister Red Rose who encountered angry dwarves (Taylor). It is uncertain why the fairytale split it into just Snow White and the dwarves without mentioning her sister (Taylor). The classic poison apple that is seen in Disney’s Snow White was not the original plan of attack from the evil Queen.At first it was silk that the Queen disguised as an old hag brought to the house. She wrapped her up in it so tight that she couldn’t breathe and appeared dead when he dwarves returned home (Taylor). Fortunately, the dwarves saved Snow White when they returned home and cut the laces of the silk, allowing her to breathe again and restore her back to life (Taylor). Not only was there the attempted murder with the silk, but she also tried to poison Snow White with a comb that would make her senseless when contacted with her (Taylor).On the Queen’s third attempt, she finally killed Snow White with a slice of an apple that she poisoned (Taylor). The dwarves were unable to awaken her, however, a glass coffin was made so she could be displayed to show her beauty, even when she was dead (Taylor). The attempts at murder that the Queen did was a different change from the movie tha t only showed the one successful attempt. In the Disney classic, it was not true loves kiss that awakened her, but when the dwarves were carrying her coffin and hit a bump, it dislodged the piece of apple from her throat and allowed her to awaken again (Taylor).Out of the Queens jealousy, she tried to kill Snow White. Snow White’s birth mother died after giving birth and her father remarried and although never mentioned in any Disney movie, the Queen is her jealous stepmother much like Cinderella (Taylor). Despite that small misconception, the biggest and bloodiest change in Snow White comes from the Queen who not only wants her stepdaughter dead, but also wants her heart so she can eat it (Layt). Depending on the translation, the Queen may of asked for other internal organs such as the liver, lungs, intestines, etc. Layt). Unlike the fatal ending in Disney’s Snow White, the Queen must suffer for her wickedness by dancing around on hot iron shoes until she drops dead a t Snow Whites wedding party (Layt). Unfortunately, it wasn’t a quick death off a cliff like seen in the movie. Snow White was one of the earliest and most changed tales from the Grimm’s collection; yet, it is still loved for its originality today. With scarce amounts of detail, the classic story of Sleeping Beauty is one of the most exaggerated tales due to lack of original content (Disneyfication).They needed enough material in the movie by Disney to cover two hours worth of film, changing and elongating the tale greatly (Disneyfication). Disney’s film features a beautiful, young girl named Aurora, Rose for short. In the Grimm’s tales, she is known as Briar-Rose because she lived in it for 100 years of sleep was engulfed in thorns and bushes making it impossible for someone to save her (Dornroschen). Unfortunately, with the new productions and marketing, the evil dragon outside the castle wrapped in the thorns (Dornroschen).However, thorns were a major a nd difficult barrier to get through, but there wasn’t any magical dragon that breathed fire (Dornroschen). The famous spindle is a symbolic feature of the Disney film, but in the original fairy tale, she does not prick her finger on a spindle but does get a piece of flax stuck under her finger nail that causes her to fall asleep, she is put into a deep sleep for 100 years (Layt). While sleeping, a Prince climbs through the barriers and up to her sleeping body but instead of awakening her sleeping with a kiss, he rapes her and causes her to give birth to twins while sleeping (Layt).It is not the Prince’s kiss that will cause her to awaken, but her child sucking on her finger that dislodges the piece of flax under her finger nail, allowing her to wake up early from the 100 years. She wakes up to a very confusing situation with a husband she did not know and kids she didn’t remember having (Layt). The spunky redheaded mermaid under the sea is a well- known classic from Disney. Disney portrays the tale with a mermaid who longs to be a human and sees a prince that she wants to meet pushing her to go on shore even more.She gives up her voice to an evil sea witch to be with him and ends up marrying him, living happily ever after. In the original fairy tale, it is not because her voice was taken away that she couldn’t talk, but because of excessive amounts of pain she felt every time she walked due to her weak leg muscles (Differences†¦). With a young audience from Disney, the Little Mermaid is not lucky enough to have the man she wants and is offered a knife from her sister to kill him as revenge (Differences†¦). Unfortunately, he was not in love with her and she must kill him to revert her back to her â€Å"mermaid† self again (Differences†¦).In Disney’s version, they transformed the ending dramatically. Instead of a sea witch tricking him, she is unable to kill the prince with the knife provided by her sister , so instead she plunges herself into the ocean because she cannot bare to see him with anyone else (Differences†¦). This causes her body to turn into sea foam and she basically commits suicide ending the tale(Differences†¦). Through the recreations of tales, little girls assume that they will live as those in Disney movies (Grimm vs. Disney).Some may grow out of it; however, others may develop Fairy Tale Syndrome (Grimm vs. Disney). Girls who suffer from Fairy Tale Syndrome tend to struggle with relationships, trying to make the wrong guy fit into their lives (Fairytale Syndrome). They are unable to realize you can’t fit a square peg in a round hole. Without realizing it, almost everyone suffers from Fairytale Syndrome meaning that they need that prince to come and sweep them off their feet (Dolnick). It is a subconscious occurrence that people cant help.People think they are in love when they fall under fairytale syndrome. Love is a chemical reaction and when peop le fall in love, their brains release certain kinds of chemicals that puts people on a â€Å"high† making it harder to be resistant in a break up (Dolnick). Love is so emphasized in modern day society that some people may not even realize that they are actually addicted to it (Dolnick). Girls pretend to be something their not causing emotional stress in fear that no one will like them for who they are and feel like they must change (Gender Roles).Girls develop the feeling of being rushed into relationships from the influence of The Little Mermaid who immediately changes her whole life to be with him (Snow White Syndrome). This causes problems in girl’s lives because they didn’t wait and followed the moves (Snow White Syndrome). It is believed that girls agonize over their appearance due to the glamorizing alterations Disney has made, setting high standards for every girl if she wants someone to come for her (Snow White Syndrome). The portrayal of princesseâ€⠄¢s lives make young kids believe everything will come easy to them (Grimm vs. Disney).The view of what is normal to children as they read and watch fairytales act as early foundation for socialization processes of children that may cause them to believe everything comes easy (Kuykendal). Adopted or stepchildren may develop a specific syndrome called â€Å"Cinderella Syndrome† (Syndrome Diagnoses). This leads them to make outrageous stories of abuse and isolation such as what Cinderella suffered from (Syndrome Diagnoses). The portrayal of Cinderella in Disney’s film reflects that women are dependent and terrified unless they are accompanied by a Prince, causing emotional issues in girls (Cinderella Syndrome).Although women may appear okay on the surface, on the inside they are dependent on men due to the demand the Prince receives (Cinderella Syndrome). It doesn’t matter what age; it appears that most women depend on men. While suffering form fairytale syndrome, you may also fall into a Soul Mate Fantasy (Fairytale syndrome). People who have this believe you will meet one person and you will know they are the one and will fall in love right away (Fairytale Syndrome). Although Soul Mate Fantasy may sound harmless, it is often the path towards self-destruction.People tend to set standards too high and cant find anyone or they will fall too fast for someone causing them to get hurt leaving them with emotional issues (Fairytale Syndrome). Master Servant Fantasy may occur as well. This means that people think a rich, handsome man will scoop them up out of their ordinary lives and bring them up to the riches they have (Fairytale Syndrome). What girls don’t realize is that you don’t have to drag yourself down to the bottom with the hopes that maybe someone will come along and pick you up (Fairytale Syndrome).It is believed the Disneyfied fairytales can cause a lot of mental insecurities. If Grimm Fairytales remained as originals, gi rls would not feel this false sense of hope they are receiving from movies. Critics claim that by reading the fairytales, it creates gender stereotypes in kid’s minds showing how they are supposed to act; most of the time women being inferior to men (Kuykendal). A repetitive exposure to gender roles was concerning researchers with fear that a child may grow up with low self esteem (Kuykendal).Critics began to question a child development after they noticed the gender patterns in fairytales around the 1960’s (Kuykendal). After being stripped of its violence in the 17th century, it as greatly criticized in the 18th century and on (Sexes). A set of critics claims Disney productions are sexist (Sexes). New goals formed amongst feminist writers stating that they would try to depict a character that is empowered regardless of the gender they have (Kuykendal). Authors must now revision classic works to reinvent powerful women, male protagonists, and feminist narratives in the ir writing (Kuykendal).Many new feminist authors are altering and are rewriting original fairytales to fit in feminist views rather than fractured or corrupt fairytales (Kuykendal). As new times progress, feminist writers are striving to reject the weak, submissiveness of women and show them that they can be just as strong as men (Kuykendal). In Disney films, a woman always needs a man to save her. A woman is never strong enough to stop them and needs a man to step in for them (Origin). Feminist believe there are two types of women shown in Disney fairytales.The good women are always passive and victimized (Kuykendal). On the contrary, bad women must always be killed or punished. Feminists argue that the powerful figures are always evil and submissive women are rewarded with a happy ending (Kuykendal). Feminist argue that powerful, smart women in fairytales always have a false interpretation because in Disney’s productions they are always hags, witches, or deranged stepmother s (Sexes). Only powerful, immortal women in fairytale are powerful and strong, showing the separation between mortal and immortal (Kuykendal).Mortal women are beautiful yet weak and immortal figures can be beautiful and powerful (Kuykendal). All evil villains in Disney movies act as targets to get killed because they abused the power they were given and it backfired on them very badly (Kuykendal). The only exception to mortal women being powerful is if they are ugly or evil (Kuykendal). In some cases, women with power are ugly and evil showing how only good, submissive women can succeed (Kuykendal). Classic Disney movies also shape men’s views as looking at them as objects of pleasure and servants (Sexism). Women are looked at as images of sex.When men meet princesses, they automatically fall in love with them. Men have no interest in anything else except for the fact that they are beautiful (Chaos). Cinderella is saved from horrible living conditions and gets married to a pr ince because she is beautiful and no other reason (Disney Princesses). Snow White is believed to have been saved by her beauty and sexuality. She was attempted to be killed because of her beauty that imposed a threat to another woman (Disney Princesses). Sleeping beauty was cursed at birth because of a political position amongst her parents.She is killed by another woman out of spite and is woken by a kiss because of the attraction of her sexuality (Disney Princesses). Lastly, the Little Mermaid drastically changes her appearance so she can be more attractive to men. Her voice is taken in exchange but it is her sexuality that makes him fall in love with her making her voice useless (Disney Princesses). Stories portray women as weak, submissive, dependable, and self sacrificing while men remain as powerful figures. Women are always beautiful, however they lack power to control their lives unlike men who are handsome and unstoppable (Kuykendal).Not only are gender stereotypes imposed through women in fairytales but in men as well setting an individual set of standards for them as well (Sexism). In several studies, it was concluded that there was many patterns showing male dominance and female subservience (Kuykendal). Also, in Disney films, it shows how men are defined through primarily physical fitness and appearance (Sexism). Disney movies also show men that have the classic body type for men that is extremely fit and in shape. Only those who are handsome and in shape will get the girl (Sexism).In many films, the outcast in society is seen as opposites to the manly figures being sensitive, short, and not physically fit as the bodies of the heroes (Sexism). All women in fairytales must be moral and are expected to look beyond appearances to what’s inside. Men are allowed to be shallow, however, all women must rise above this (Chaos). In most films, the climax scenes always focus on a man fighting for power to either win a woman’s heart or for prid e in themselves (Sexism). In spite of children’s concerns, feminist caution parents to be careful of what they are exposing their children to.Fairy tales can be immensely influential on children’s minds and by relaying the wrong message it can be harmful (Kuykendal). Fairytales have developed and changed over time, however the building blocks from the Grimm’s Fairy Tales will always be the classics. Disney has changed and modified things but the originals still remain. The new productions show different views and could be potentially harmful to the youth. The Grimm’s Fairy tales will always be a famous work of classic literature that contains only the real stories of fairytales.

New England and Chesapeake Regions Essay

Although New England and the Chesapeake regions were both settle largely by people of English origin, the two regions developed differently. Certainly they eventually evolved into similar modern societies. However in their early years, they were very different. Thus, by 1700, the New England and Chesapeake regions had developed into two separate and distinct societies due to differences in social structures, political structures, and economies. The social structures of the two regions were very different, mainly in demographics and the incentives of the immigrants and religion. In the New England area, the early populations was mostly comprised of families with children and servants. This brought to the New World skilled craftsmen, farmers, and indentured servants to shape the economy. This also provided a relatively equal male to female ratio. They had longer life spans and less infant and childbirth related deaths. The incentives of the New England immigrants was to escape religious and political conflicts in England, thus shaping their religion. The religion of the of the New England settlers was very Puritan. They wanted to establish themselves as a â€Å"city on a hill† or a place of morality and social reciprocity to serve as role model for the rest of the Americas. The Puritan communities were strong and tightly knit and the Puritan marriages were stable and most lasted until death. The religion of these settlers greatly influenced their politics; their form of government was a theocracy. The Chesapeake immigrants were many teenage boys and very few women. The women who did immigrate there had great choice in husbands. They married young, widowed, and usually remarried, carrying on the plantations of their late-husbands, resulting in greater economic freedom for women Most of the male immigrants were seeking gold in the New World and prone to fights from the start. The Chesapeake was very diverse in religion. This diversity nearly required religious toleration to some extent. As a result, the community life was very unstable. The political structures of the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies, too, were different. In the New England colonies, the  government was a Puritan theocracy. Each town had an agreed upon covenant or promise of not only moral, but social commitment. Established and enforced by their government and covenant were fair and set wages, shared property, and public schools. Each town had a annual town meeting during which the male voters would appoint men to govern for the coming year. In the Chesapeake there was at first general chaos. The councilors appointed by the English king wanted to just go back home to England. The established governments were oligarchies and aristocracies, breeding social unrest in the lower classes, as is very apparent in Bacon’s Rebellion. In the Chesapeake, there was a system of headrights or one of land grants to people who were willing to either immigrate to the colony or pay for the voyage of another. Also different were the economies of north and south. The New England economy was primarily sustained on agriculture and some fur trading. As governed by their Puritan ideals, goods and foods were traded for need, not profit. The Chesapeake colonies were mainly plantation colonies. The main crops was tobacco, but cotton, indigo and rice were also grown. The labor intensity of the crops grown in the Chesapeake, the bad soil, and unfavorable growing conditions gave rise to slavery in the south. All the crops grown were grown for profits, so there was a very competitive system of plantations. The New England and Chesapeake colonies were settle mostly by the English, but they developed differently. By 1700 the two areas had two very different had developed into two very separate and very distinct societies due two differences in social structures, political structures, and economies.

Public of international trade law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public of international trade law - Essay Example Despite the perceived freedom of global grade, there are still a lot of laws that needs to be complied with. These, of course, are governmental in proportion. These meant bulks of products that pass through territorial boundaries as well as impact on fuel consumption, transported delivery, as well as mass distribution and consumption of goods. The integration of economies also led for the need to streamline laws and regulations in international manner. The attempt to improve the international trade system for the last century was the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT. For without a governing body, conflicts will surely arise. The GATT, however, was seen to be problematic. It is why a new body was established, which was the World Trade Organization, and with it, a dispute settlement and resolution systems that established as well as oversee issues and challenges brought forth between aggrieved and respondent countries as well as their trading partners where inequality was perceived. This paper will try to discuss extensively the need for reform, if any that should be made on the WTO dispute settlement system. ... The functions of WTO includes administration of trade agreements, serve as a forum for trade negotiations, handle trade disputes, monitor national trade policies, assist and train developing countries, and cooperate with other international organizations2. It claims to have â€Å"helped to create a strong and prosperous international trading system, thereby contributing to unprecedented global economic growth,†3. Today, there are 153 country members and 117 of these are developing countries. It has a Secretariat with about 700 staff led by the WTO Director-General. The Director General stated that â€Å"decisions in the WTO are generally taken by consensus of the entire membership† although it has its own institutional body - the Ministerial Conference and the General Council which is the WTO’s highest-level decision-making body 4. By doing its work, the WTO proposed that national markets opened to â€Å"international trade, with justifiable exceptions or with a dequate flexibilities, will encourage and contribute to sustainable development, raise people's welfare, reduce poverty, and foster peace and stability. At the same time, such market opening must be accompanied by sound domestic and international policies that contribute to economic growth and development according to each member's needs and aspirations†5. Dispute Settlement The WTO resolves trade misunderstanding under the Dispute Settlement Understanding. The DSU facilitates smooth trade flows and member countries bring their cases to WTO once their rights under the agreements were violated. While decisions were made by so-called independent experts, these experts were appointed and their judgment is usually based on interpretations of the agreements

Standard Chartered marketing communication strategy and competitive Lab Report

Standard Chartered marketing communication strategy and competitive position - Lab Report Example According to the research findings Standard Chartered discovered marketing as the group expanded its operations from local perspective to a global perspective across diverse-cultural set of markets, Asia, Africa and Middle East for onstance. The bank admits the fact that it serves multiple geographies, different people with diverse values and significant cultures. This has enabled standard chartered to develop a strategy that focus on understanding of its markets’ core values to offer distinguished products and services to consumers with respect to their local requirements. The bank claims that it has developed a ‘consistent marketing strategy’ through constancy of efforts, stanch commitment to miscellaneous values and cultures and focused on relationships with local customers across the target markets. Standard chartered asserts that the bank has an unambiguous straight forward strategy that revolves around the market and consumers it serves. It has classified it s marketing strategy on two major areas: standard chartered for consumers and standard chartered as the corporate brand. Amongst consumers there are two set of markets: the individual consumers, who consume bank services for themselves; and second set is of business/commercial consumers, who utilize bank services for commercial purposes. Standard chartered has developed wholesale banking for commercial consumers’ category and consumer banking for individual consumers’ category. Marketing is an ever changing and sprouting discipline of businesses; companies always have a room for development and advancement. (Vanhuele and Wright, 2008). The bank has to broaden the base of its marketing communication strategy to effectively converse the different marketing messages, to different set of consumers it serves, in the most appropriate manner which could influence the target audience and trigger the desired response out of each target group. There are three marketing strategie s that fit Standard Chartered intent to serve the market: push, pull and profile strategies. The bank has to adopt these strategies as each meets a separate objective using a separate approach, thus, supporting the overall mission. Push strategy requires the bank to direct marketing activities to propel the products to consumers. It is more a selling concept, supports the sale organization of the bank and helps them design sales programs over push strategy (Kotler, 2009). It requires the bank to encourage and motivate the consumer, direct selling and negotiating with the prospects, emphasize point of sale promotions and advertisements, and performing other promotional activities to forcefully throw the banks’ offers and services to the consumer. It is appropriate for standard chartered as the retail banking structure in its target market: Asia, Africa and Middle East enable the bank to push its offers to consumers. Products/Services Push Consumers Pull strategy involves the b ank to design marketing activities in a manner that would fetch the consumers to the products and services themselves by enhancing their visibility (Kotler, 2009). It is more a branding concept for it supports the organization to design more customer-driven marketing programs that would develop strong bank-consumer rapport which is the ultimate objective of Standard chartered bank. It requires the bank to establish consumer associations with the bank through mass communication programs, mass-advertising campaigns, sales incentives and buzz marketing campaigns to create word of mouth influence. Pull strategy supports standard chartered ideology of understanding local consumers and markets, and their respective cultures, consequently, its attractive for effective communication strategy. Products/Services Pull Consumers Finally, the third marketing strategy which encompasses a broader marketing perspective is profile strategy. This strategy reveals the corporate reputation of an organi zation. It has deep orientation in corporate branding which identifies what an organization is

Analytical paper on Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical paper on Aristotle - Essay Example He returned to Macedonia in 338 to tutor Alexander the Great. When Alexander conquered Athens, Aristotle returned to Athens and set up a school of his own, known as the Lyceum. After Alexander's death, Athens rebelled against Macedonian rule, and Aristotle's political situation became precarious. He fled to the island of Euboea, where he died soon after. Aristotle is said to have written 150 philosophical treatises. The 30 that survive touch on an enormous range of philosophical problems, from biology and physics to morals to aesthetics to politics. Many, however, are thought to be "lecture notes" instead of complete, polished treatises, and a few may not be the work of Aristotle but of members of his school. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. As a result what remains is a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues rather than a consistent system of thought. The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon)1 was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality. Thus, the Categories2 proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties, states, and activities. On Interpretation3, Prior Analytics4, and Posterior Analytics5 examine the nature of deductive inference, outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic. Though not strictly one of the logical works, the Physics6 contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything, with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world. In other treatises, Aristotle applied this method, with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation, to astronomi cal and biological explorations of the natural world In Metaphysics7 Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being. Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms, he defended his own vision of ultimate reality, including the eternal existence of substance. On The Soul8 uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things-vegetable, animal, and human-and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge. That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Poetics9 and the methods of persuasion in the Rhetoric. 1- collected works on logic 5- Analytica Posteriora 2- Categoriae 6 - Physica 3- De Interpretatione 7 - Metaphysica 4- Analytica Priora 8 - De Anima 9 - Ars Poetica Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents, including the Eudemian Ethics10 and the Magna Moralia11, but the most complete

The Treaty of Versailles Made World War II Inevitable Essay

The Treaty of Versailles Made World War II Inevitable - Essay Example The German people were told and believed its army was only defending its borders and taking back some lands previously held by the country. Germans deeply resented abiding by the financial, territorial and military concessions outlined in the treaty, resentments which were further exacerbated by the hardships resulting from the agreement. In addition, the exceedingly nationalistic sentiments of the German people were at its height at that time. Feelings of German pride were greatly damaged following the humiliation of losing a war they perceived to be a draw. Germans were well aware that the rest of the world looked upon them with contempt and as the losers. These perceptions emanated from the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, a document that initiated deep-rooted and intense sentiments which Hitler and the Nazi Party ultimately exploited for their own objective of world domination. The Treaty of Versailles was, to say the least, a controversial pact. The French wanted to dissolve t he country of Germany while the U.S., specifically President Woodrow Wilson, favored more of a ‘forgive and forget’ approach. ... ion to France and consented to a military occupation by the allies (American, British, French and Belgian) in the majority of western Germany including the Rhineland and many cities. Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Denmark gained sections of former German territories. The German military machine that terrorized Western and Eastern Europe was all but dismantled. Additionally, the German Navy was reduced significantly to only a handful of small vessels. Financial reparations outlined in the treaty were substantial and ambiguous. Germany was forced to effectively sign over a blank check to the countries of Western Europe, an enormous amount that was to be paid-out for several decades (â€Å"The Treaty of Versailles† 2007). The German citizens and leaders were shocked when the terms of the Versailles Treaty were learned. The worst case scenario imagined by the Germans was far exceeded by a treaty that was, in their perspective, exceedingly and undeservedly harsh. The treaty me t immediate and nearly unanimous opposition by the German people well before its reluctant signing by a German envoy that had little option but to acquiesce. The two men of the German government who were initially selected to sign the treaty resigned rather than attach their name to the document and therefore accept responsibility for what they considered a travesty of justice. What incensed the Germans most was the signed admission they had initiated military actions and were therefore financially liable for the destruction that resulted from the war. Further, that the amount of the reparations was open-ended and non-specific was extremely troublesome. Many rightfully feared that the economic burden levied by the treaty would mean the collapse of the country itself, that the allies were intent on

Business Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - Research Paper Example In later years, the scope of anti discrimination law has been extended to include discrimination in the workplace against individuals other than black Americans. This report discusses the relevant legislation that has been implemented and the impact that they have had in terms of influencing the human resources process at organizations in the United States. Some of the legislation introduced in the United States to tackle the issue of discrimination in the workplace include: (a) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in employment based upon age, racial background, colour, sexual orientation or nationality (b) The civil rights Act of 1991, one of the provisions of which is to provide for monetary damages for those individuals who have been intentionally discriminated against. (c) Equal Pay Act of 1963, wherein men and women who perform substantially the same level of work are to be provided with equal pay (d) ADEA OR the Age Discrimination in Employ ment Act of 1967, which protects those individuals who are aged 40 years or over from being denied work opportunities or promotions (e) ADA or Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (as amended) in which Title I and V prohibits discriminating individuals who are disabled from employment in the private sector, local or state governments (f) The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the equivalent Act to the ADA for individuals with disabilities in the Federal Government, under Sections 501 and 505. (g) The Genetic Information Non discrimination Act of 2008, which under Tiitle II, does not allow discrimination against an employee, former employee or ob applicant on the basis of genetic information about the candidate that may be available. Anti discrimination employment laws have produced a significant impact in terms of making the employment arena a much more equitable playing field for those individuals who are from minority backgrounds or who are disadvantaged in some way compared to the av erage applicant, i.e, through disability, sexual orientation, religious background or other factors. Burnstein and Edwards (1994) examined the impact of employment anti-discrimination laws on the relative earnings of blacks and whites. As these authors indicate early on in their article, citing the views of Gunnar Myrdal, in 1944, the American Blacks were in a wretched position in terms of employment, they were mostly destitute and poor, living in segregated slums. The anti discrimination legislation however, provided an opportunity for blacks to apply for positions that were earlier not accessible to them, such as jobs in public sector enterprises and educational opportunities. Secondly, the legislation provided them an opportunity to seek redress through the courts and by approaching the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission if they were not paid on an equitable basis in comparison with whites. As Burnstein and Edwards (1994) have pointed out, the most significant impact of the anti discrimination legislation has been the improvement in the relative earnings levels between blacks and whites.(Burnstein and Edwa

The Armed Forces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Armed Forces - Essay Example It was a professional field where individuals had the opportunity to save the lives of others without considering the effects that their actions may have on their personal life. Despite of my liking for the armed forces personnel, I never wanted to opt for this career. This was because of my own confused feelings with regard to this profession. Though I did believe that it was a position of authority and dignity to fight for your country in difficult times, I could not analyze the fact that how people could actually consider the lives of others to be more precious than their own lives. But I have understood now that it is with maturity and greater understanding of the world that a person understands the true meaning and essence of many important things in this world. My maternal uncle was working for the army of the United States and had been on the rank of sergeant major. I really looked forward to visiting him and asking him about his experiences. He had gone to many places across the world and his knowledge and experiences were very different from the other people I had ever met. He was not like the other members of my family. There was an air of authority and dignity when he was around. We respected him a lot and I used to enjoy asking him questions about the various occurrences in his life. I always wished to ask him about why he had opted for this profession as he was not home for most of the year. He missed important family events and occasions. I wanted to ask him that was his profession worth all the losses that he was facing. I wanted to know if it was worth the fact that he had not been present on the occasion of the birth of his first child. Despite of my desire, I could never raise these questions in front of him owing to his poise and his love for his profession. Time went by and even if my uncle was not home, they had a happy family. Everyone was really happy when he visited and brought with him gifts and shared his experiences with everyone. Eve ryone looked forward to his arrival and eagerly waited for him. Life is very unpredictable and these happy moments were not meant to last for long. The war in Afghanistan started in 2001 and my uncle was deployed in the country to participate in the war. It was a very sad farewell as the consequences of this war were not known. I had expected my uncle to be sad and reluctant but I was surprised to see that he was very happy and was confident as he always was. When he was about to leave, his daughter asked him if it was necessary to leave. He replied by telling her that he was going to fight for her and for their family. He told her that he was going to fight to make her future secure so that she could lead a happy life and that no one could harm their country and their family. His words had a very deep meaning and I was highly touched. He left to never return again as he lost his life in a suicide attack carried out on the armed forces by the militants in Afghanistan. Though he did not return, but his words left a great impact on me and my life. I realized the reason for his dignity and his confidence at all times. I also understood that he seemed to be different from others because he was not like the other people and his priority was the benefit of others. I did not opt for a career in the military but my thoughts with regard to the armed forces changed. All the questions in my mind were answered. If I would be capable enough, I would

Vera Drake Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vera Drake - Movie Review Example The really shocking element with Vera is that she is introduced as completely dedicated to her family and her duties as wife and mother. Keeping this horrible secret from her family and being undisturbed for many years, for her this was a regular visit to someone's house and helping them out of the situation. At the time single women in particular would be socially and economically condemned if they got an illegitimate child. So in order to avoid the catastrophic situation, women would do anything to save their social appearance and image. What the film tries to imply to the audience is that the heroine acts on the bases of her own principles and she is guided by her good will to save the women and empower them with the right to decide for themselves what is best for them. What we do not expect from the movie is that such a kind and agreeable, wife and mother would ever thought of performing illegal abortions at a time when social norms and restrictions do not justify it. Vera possesses the inner strength and stamina to do these procedures and she is always soothing the misfortune women showing deep understanding and support for their situation. The director very carefully explores and plays with the roles that Vera fulfills - wife, mother and criminal. Though we are introduced to Vera's family, friends and social surrounding we are never given the argument what made Vera into practicing the then illegal abortions. So we can only assume that she is doing it out of her good will and belief that she is helping. She is supported by her response when the inspector comes into her home. In fact, they never ask her what she is doing, she gives her in by admitting that she knows already why they are here. And she replies: "I help girls out." Using this euphem ism leads us to believe that her desire is to aid the girls. Vera's action can be best described as "getting girls out of trouble". Another evidence of her good will is that she is not taking money. Instead she is brought food or milk or other ingredients. When asked about that she is repulsed. It seems that her explanation is far more complicated than simply gaining extra cash. Vera's discreet services and house to house visits give away that she is oblivious about taking advantage of women's situations and instead risks it all - her family and her good name in order to assist the women in their desire to make abortion. The audience is also given other perspectives after Vera's arrest. We have Reg's opinion (Vera's daughter potential husband) - "It ain't fair. Me mum brought up six of us in two rooms. If you can't feed 'em, you can't love 'em, now can you" His point shows understanding about the role that women play as mothers, homemakers and care providers. Vera has very affectionate bond with her husband - Stan. What he thinks about her arrest is that "Whatever she done, she done it out of the goodness of her heart!" Since the viewers have to rely on clues that other characters give away, Stan and Reg provide us with possible explanations why Vera initiated her actions. The reason for Vera's arrest is a life threatening mishap that happened to one of her customers a daughter of a wealthy bourgeoisie family for whom Vera cleans. Susan's desperation is as intense as Vera's

Luxury Brand Marketing Essay Example for Free

Luxury Brand Marketing Essay While the word ‘luxury’ is used in daily lives to refer to certain lifestyle, the underlying construct’s definition is consumer and situation specific. If you earn less than 15000 a month, a pair of reebok shoes would be a really big luxury item for you. On the other hand, if you are going to a party with some big-wigs a $100,000 car may not be a luxury. The word luxury originates from the Latin term â€Å"luxus† signifying, â€Å"soft or extravagant living, indulgence, sumptuousness or opulence† The meaning of luxury is extremely subjective and multidimensional in nature. It depends on dimension such as high price, high quality, uniqueness, exclusivity etc. What is a luxury product? In economic terms, luxury products are those who can consistently command and justify a higher price than products with comparable functions and similar quality. In marketing term, luxury products are those who can deliver emotional benefits which is hard to match by comparable products. The luxury sector targets its products and services at consumers on the top-end of the wealth spectrum. These self-selected elite are more or less price insensitive and choose to spend their time and money on objects that are plainly opulence rather than necessities. For these reasons, luxury and prestige brands have for centuries commanded an unwavering and often illogical customer loyalty. Luxury and prestige brands such as Rolex, Louis Vuitton and Cartier represent the highest form of craftsmanship and command a staunch consumer loyalty that is not affected by trends. These brands create and set the seasonal trends and are also capable to pulling all of their consumers with them wherever they go. Premium brands are those brands like Polo Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger that aspire to be luxury and prestige brands but their marketing mix strategies are more attuned to a mass market, albeit a luxury mass market. They are also termed as mass-premium brands or mass-luxury brands. Fashion brands on the other hand are those that address the masses. Strategies for Luxury Marketing There are conventional foundations for ensuring success of a brand and they are listed below in brief : 1. The brand must be â€Å"expansive†. Which means it should be full of innovation opportunities for the marketer and in terms of satisfying the divergent needs of the luxury consumer 2. The brand must tell a story It is this story, of either heritage or performance or other aspects that goes on to build the aura of a brand over time. The story always accentuates the identity of the brand. 3. The brand must be relevant to the consumers’ needs Depending upon the mindset of the luxury class, it is imperative for a brand to satisfy those needs, whether they be for recognition or functional use etc. 4. The brand must align with consumers’ values A brand that does not concur with the basic values of a consumer’s society has a small chance of succeeding because luxury items are forms of expression or identification for a luxury consumer. This makes it difficult for the consumer to adopt the brand in such cases. 5. The brand must perform Irrespective of which category the brand belongs to, a performance assurance is a must for the brand if it wishes to be in the evoked set of luxury consumers, considering the price being paid for luxury. LUXURY brand marketing CONCEPTS: Socialite as a Conductor In 2006, when Christian Dior chose Chawla as its spokesperson, everyone was shocked some secretly jealous. Chawlas association: to be the face of the brand, be seen in Dior in the right circles, host events attended by the right people and generally hobnob with the circle that she already moves in. The money details are not clear people in the circuit and in the luxury industry say its part financial, part goodies. But it might be working. Chawla says, Dior has done incredibly well with a consistent rise in sales. It is the most visible brand in India with the highest recall value in terms of marketing strategies implemented. Socialites being signed up for a fashion brand is not new, at least not in the West, says former fashion editor and luxury specialist Sujata Assomull-Sippy. She mentions Armanis 19-year-old association with British semi-royal and socialite Lady Helen Taylor that started when he designed her wedding gown in 1992. The association ended in 2009. Taylor, who was also the face for Bulgari, gave a sigh of relief and was glad to give up her uniform. Six years hence, Chawla is nowhere close to hanging up her Dior couture. The Mohan for Gucci buzz has engendered new aspirations in the circuit that goes beyond the hostess or the grander-sounding luxury consultant tags. The socialite is becoming more important in a luxury brands marketing strategy as she pulls in the right kind of crowd, says Priya Sachdev, creative director for TSG International Marketing that has brought brands like YSL, Diane von Furstenberg to India. Nichevertising Brand consultant and strategist Harish Bijoor of Harish Bijoor Consults loftily terms it nichevertise vs massvertise. According to him the luxury brands are not for mass consumption and shouldnt be mass advertised. The social circuit gives them a fresh channel to reach out to their target audience without any noise. The socialite model of marketing targets the guest lists minus the hard sell, he says. Personal voice- distinct style Every luxury brand needs to develop a marketing strategy that not only helps them achieve their marketing goals, but is also in line with their brand. For example, while it makes sense for Christopher Bailey from Burberry to update the Burberry Facebook page with short videos he makes or music he supports, the same type of strategy might not work for someone like Bentley or Rolex. Bijoor says that for luxury brands, sell is a four-letter word and not just literally and thats why they aim at buy. Luxury brands like to be bought, not sold, he says. Sell is a top-down strategy which involves an element of shout you asking consumers to consider you. Buy, instead, is a pull-oriented strategy. Luxury brands love pull not push, he explains. This is ideal for the socialite marketing where the conversation with the brand is more visual and not aural.

Customer preference for Thomas Cook

Customer preference for Thomas Cook FINDINGS DISCUSSSIONS Customer awareness, taken as a dependent variable and customer preference towards Thomas Cook taken as the independent variable, showed that the former has no significant impact on the latter (as described in the analysis of the first hypothesis where the null hypothesis was accepted and the alternate hypothesis was rejected). Therefore, it can be concluded from the first hypothesis that customer awareness does have a significant impact on customers’ preference towards Thomas Cook. This can be attributed to a variety of reasons, none of them conclusive however, with the lack of further research on the subject. Keeping in mind that the sample respondents reside mainly in Bangalore, it is possible that despite customers being aware that Thomas Cook is a travel management company, they do not prefer it because in Bangalore it does not provide good or satisfactory service. Customers may be unhappy or dissatisfied with the services that are provided by the Thomas Cook branches in Bangalore. Here again it cannot be said that Thomas Cook does not provide good service overall because it is still one of the top travel management companies in the world. Another possibility as to why customers do not prefer Thomas Cook despite being aware of the services can be the price factor. Thomas Cook provides its services at a premium price and customers might see this as too expensive and/or not worth the price that they have been asked for the service. In a country like India where disposable income is not an abundant resource that companies can exploit, it becomes difficult to market a premium service that the customers can easily look upon as an unnecessary luxury. Services such as premium tourism services may not appeal to the common man. Another possible reason for this is that the sample customers, a majority of whom do travel via a travel agency at least some of the time, are already satisfied with the travel agency they currently employ and find no reason thereof to shift to another agency despite knowing that another agency exists which perhaps provides slightly better services. These consumers are â€Å"set in their ways† so to speak and are happy with the current agency of their preference. They find no good enough reason to shift to Thomas Cook for their travel needs. Thomas Cook offers a variety of value added services. The specific value added services that were taken in this study are: Inbound and outbound travel reservations Foreign Exchange Travel insurance Travel packages Visa and passport services Reservations for car and hotel Foreign Exchange These services combine the core functions and services that Thomas Cook offers with added value to give them a uniqueness. This research found that there is a significant difference in these services and that consumers, when asked to rate these services, have a variety of views of these services, that is to say, the services that are provided for foreign exchange are of different quality than those that are offered for travel packages or travel insurance. It was found in this research that most of the sample do use Thomas Cook for their foreign exchange services and these were rated the best. Indeed, the foreign exchange services of Thomas Cook have been rated to be amongst the best in the world, and in fact, most people identify Thomas Cook only for their foreign exchange services and not their travel packages, which is in fact the company’s core business. It is shown in the hypothesis that the various services of Thomas Cook vary in quality, as per the respondents view. In the third hypothesis, it was found that there is a significant difference in customers’ preferences with respect to customers’ awareness about travel agencies. In other words, it is apparent that despite their knowledge about many travel agencies and their services, there is still a lot of variations in what the customers prefer to choose as the travel agency for their travel needs. This shows that customers have their own reasons to choose a specific travel agency and awareness of the services is not the only factor that they take into consideration. Customer preference for an agency is not a factor that can be easily studied or examined. For each customer, the deciding factor is different, and for each factor of customer preference that is taken, there is another that is left out. Studying customer psychology is an in depth with infinite variables that need to be considered, and it still may not be accurate due to the fact that human nature itself is unpredictable. The fourth hypothesis showed that there is no significant relation between the nature of the travel and the agency preference that a customer has. Here, the null hypothesis was accepted and the alternative hypothesis was rejected. This shows that whether a customer needs to travel for business or wants to travel for leisure does not determine the choice of travel management company that the customer makes. There can be a variety of other reasons that can be deduced to find out what other things may determine the customers’ choice of travel management company. Again, none of these are conclusive and need to be looked into with further research on the topic. Social status is one factor that is likely to have a significant relationship to agency preference. The higher up a customer is on the social ladder, the more premium will be the nature of his agency preference. When customers can afford something they have a tendency to show that they can afford it by very publicly using that product or service. This is human nature, and very likely to have an impact on agency preference. Affordability is a very important factor that needs to be considered in terms of preference for an agency. A premium agency may be unattainable by those who cannot afford its services no matter how much they may be aware of it, or no matter what the nature of their travel may be. Affordability and purchasing power of the customer are likely to have a strong relationship with the travel agency that they prefer. Expense is always an important factor that needs to be considered when measuring or trying to ascertain customer preference. Expense was not a factor that was given enough significance in this study. Social sentiments also need to be considered when looking into the customer preference towards any product or service. Certain customers from India may not choose Thomas Cook because despite its being registered in India as Thomas Cook (India) Limited and is now owned by Fairfax (Canada), its name is Thomas Cook, and was originally a company from England. On the other hand, certain customers may choose it for exactly that reason. There are a variety of social sentiments that have a strong relationship with and impact on customer preference towards an agency. They should not be disregarded if the company intends to survive in the environment. It is apparent from the research (hypothesis 5) that customers’ preference towards an agency and the value added service that they prefer have a strong relationship. This relationship can be easily envisioned. Customers will do their research on which travel agency provides which services and which value added services. With the advent of the internet, there is an enormous amount of information available to the customers at their fingertips and in this day and age customers are not easily fooled or misleaded. Customers will accordingly filter travel agencies according to the service that appeal to them and ultimately choose the one that best suits their needs. This will become the agency that they prefer and use for all their various travel needs. Hence, preference of travel agency and the value added services that they prefer have a strong, unmistakable relationship, which marketers can soon look to exploit. The sixth hypothesis works to find out whether or not there is any difference between the value added services and those services which offer mainly the core functions. Here the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Therefore a conclusion can be made that there is a significant difference between the satisfaction levels of the services that are offered by Thomas Cook that is, value added and non-value added. On further inspection of the analysis and the questionnaire it is abundantly clear that the value added services are much more profitable, than other services, in the sense that the customers of Thomas Cook are much more satisfied with these services and perhaps don’t mind paying a bit more for these services than the others. The seventh hypothesis finds that there is a significant difference in the customer preference with regards to the services that are offered by an agency. This means that customers prefer certain services provided by certain agencies and there is not necessarily any one agency which provides all the services that the customers prefer. Even in the agency that they prefer, the satisfaction levels of various services provided and the customers’ preference towards those services are not uniform throughout but vary. One service provided by one agency may good and another service may be better in another agency. Therefore, most of the sample respondents use more than one travel agency for their travel needs instead of sticking to one 1

Computers in the Educational Curriculum :: Education Teaching

Computers in the Educational Curriculum Over the past 15 to 20 years, technological advances have been phenomenal. Computers are becoming a part of our everyday life and greatly affecting our society. Our educational system is one area that is being greatly affected by technology. An increasing amount of students are incorporating technology into their learning in many different ways. As improvements continue to be made, schools will be able to provide their students with a technologically enhanced curriculum. Students now have the ability to create more artistic projects through the use of computer programs such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Publisher. These programs allow students to incorporate pictures, graphs, and charts that add to the overall quality of projects and assignments. Students are also able to put their work on the World Wide Web, for other students to look at and learn about. With the help of the government, schools’ access to the Internet is on the rise. In 1990, very few schools were connected to the Internet, and those that were had very poor connections. The rate of access in schools began increasing and reached 95 percent in 1999. Also increasing is the amount of Internet access within individual classrooms. . "In 1994, only 3 percent of U.S. classrooms had Internet access. In 1996, President . Clinton announced a set of national educational technology goals, including . providing Internet access to every classroom in the United States. By 1997, the . proportion of connected classrooms had grown to 27 percent. Sixty-three percent . of U.S. public school classrooms had Internet access by 1999, according to . National Center for Education Statistics data (2000)." I believe that the Internet provides many opportunities for students. The Internet has valuable sources for research and allows communication with other students. By providing each and every classroom with Internet access, it connects students and teachers to each other. Kentucky is one state where technology has become a main objective of their curriculum. "The student-to-computer ratio is 6.4 to 1; KDE’s goal is 6 to 1. The teacher-to-computer ratio is 1.4 to 1, with a goal of 1 to 1." This is an example of one state that has realized the influence that technology is having on our society, and is trying to integrate it into the student’s curriculum. One article discusses what classrooms of the future will be like. They believe that students will have their own personal, lightweight appliance that they will take with them from school to home.

The Ghost of Christmas Present :: Essays Papers

The Ghost of Christmas Present Christmas has consumed itself. At its conception, it was a fine idea, and I imagine that at one point its execution worked very much as it was intended to. These days, however, its meaning has been perverted; its true purpose ignored and replaced with a purpose imagined by those who merely go through the motions, without actually knowing why they do so. Christmas was originally supposed to be a celebration of the birthday of Jesus Christ. Modern historians suggest that Christ was actually born sometime in April, but that is hardly the point; the point is that a day on which to celebrate his birth and life was needed, and so one was chosen. During the season surrounding this holiday -- especially since it coincided with that of other, similar holidays -- it was thought right to honor Jesus by acting as he did, i.e., in a kind, generous, and forgiving manner. Out of this sprung the custom of giving gifts to loved ones on this holiday. However, as may be expected from our modern society, the custom of giving gifts quickly turned into the practice of exchanging them. If one gives gifts to loved ones at Christmas, the reasoning goes, then those who do not receive gifts from a person are obviously not loved by him/her. So each individual now is required to give a gift to all of his/her friends, or risk communicating to them that s/he no longer loves them -- or perhaps never did! Also, there arises another problem when someone gets a gift from a person to whom they did not give one. The logic here is that the one who gave the gift obviously has a greater love for or places a greater value on the friendship than the one who did not. A decidedly awkward situation arises from this, one can imagine. Gift-giving nowadays is no longer an act of kindness, but rather a political measure, taken to ensure one’s status with one’s acquaintances. While the general feeling of "goodwill towards men" still pervades the season, albeit filtered through television and municipal decorating projects, there is a great tension that precedes the actual Christmas holiday itself. I remember Christmases of my youth as enjoyable times, to be sure, but also as times when it was best to stay clear of my mother, who was inevitably in

O Lazer :: ensaios

Este ensaio trata dos conceitos de lazer, que à © um dos requisitos que integram a existà ªncia dos seres humanos. É por meio dele que os indivà ­duos encontram o prazer, o bem-estar, a sensaà §Ãƒ £o de liberdade e muitos benefà ­cios para a saà ºde fà ­sica e mental. Breve histà ³rico sobre o lazer As civilizaà §Ãƒ µes antigas jà ¡ utilizavam um conceito rudimentar de lazer como atividade de descanso e distraà §Ãƒ £o. Roma, Grà ©cia, Antigo Egito, iniciaram tradià §Ãƒ µes que sobreviveram aos sà ©culos e atà © hoje integram o rol de eventos e mecanismos de lazer. Em Roma, os jogos, no campo e na cidade, alà ©m de serviam a propà ³sitos religiosos, de acordo com a à ©poca do ano e o deus a quem homenageavam, tambà ©m constituà ­am lazer. Em qualquer dos casos, os dias sequenciais de jogos, exibià §Ãƒ £o de danà §as lascivas, muito vinho, desordem e mà ºsica eram atividades de lazer. As termas e banhos, o teatro, os encontros no Forum – local basicamente composto de comà ©rcio, prà ©dios administrativos e praà §a pà ºblica – eram outras formas de obtenà §Ãƒ £o de descanso e prazer. Em Roma e na Grà ©cia antigas o teatro tambà ©m surgiu como forma de homenagem aos deuses e lazer, na primeira com as comà ©dias e pantomimas e na segunda com as tragà ©dias. Na Grà ©cia, os jogos apareceram entre os soldados e os jovens com o propà ³sito de manterem a forma e, mais tarde, foram transformados no Festival Olà ­mpico, que acontecia de quatro em quatro anos, com finalidades religiosas e de agregar as 160 cidades-estados, uma vez que a Grà ©cia nà £o tinha uma unidade polà ­tica. Os jogos eram realizados na cidade-estado de Olà ­mpia, que recebia â€Å"turistas† de toda a Grà ©cia. Os gregos nà £o tinham tempos de lazer, e os festivais religiosos, incluindo o Festival Olà ­mpico, era visto, tambà ©m, com esse fim. No Antigo Egito, a diversà £o era separada por classes e idade. Para os nobres, principalmente os jovens, a pesca e a caà §a no rio Nilo e a caà §a no deserto eram garantia de diversà £o. Ainda havia a luta e a nataà §Ãƒ £o, esportes populares apreciados pela populaà §Ãƒ £o em geral. Passeios de barco e pesca em famà ­lia eram muito praticados. A caà §a dos animais do deserto representou uma contribuià §Ãƒ £o modesta à   economia egà ­pcia, e logo se transformou em um esporte de ricos [...] A pesca com arpà £o e vara era realizada normalmente em pequenas balsas de papiro, o que era considerado uma agradà ¡vel diversà £o. A caà §a do hipopà ³tamo era, provavelmente mais que um esporte e sim um trabalho necessà ¡rio.

Child Marriage

Marriage is â€Å"the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family† (Marriage 729). The fact is, marriage, to most of society, is something much more than that. To some, marriage is the uniting of their souls; to others, it is merely an escape from their fear, their pain, and their agony. The sad truth about it is that many of those marriages will end in divorce. So how do couples know if what they have will last forever? It is impossible to know for sure. No one can tell them that they definitely have what it takes to make a marriage last. Marriage is about compromise and understanding. It is also about give and take. If one party in the marriage is unwilling to give, and only takes, the marriage will be short lived. Child marriage is a violation of human rights whether it happens to a girl or a boy, but it represents perhaps the most prevalent form of sexual abuse and exploitation of girls. The harmful consequences include separation from family and friends, lack of freedom to interact with peers and participate in community activities, and decreased opportunities for education. Child marriage can also result in bonded labour orenslavement,commercial sexual exploitation and violence against the victims. government commitment and capacity the role of government and civil-society institutions is to develop and implement systems to prevent or discourage this practice. Government action is required to review customary and civil law. Because child marriage is closely associated with poverty, government commitment to poverty reduction is likely to lead to a decrease in child marriages. Legislation and enforcement Governments need to establish 18 as the legal age of marriage for girls, as well as boys, and ensure its implementation. Promoting birth and marriage registration will help enforce these laws. attitudes, customs and practices nding child marriage is challenging because even parents who understand its negative impact may find it hard to resist economic and societal pressures and traditions. Addressing attitudes and customs that promote or condone the practice is vital to changing the acceptable age for marriage. Open discussion Marriage is regarded as a private subject in many cultures. Communication campaigns can help create circumstances in which it can be discussed and traditional beliefs about marriage can be examined. o foster behavioural change from within communities, human rights should be emphasized, particularly those of women – including equality, access to education and freedom from exploitation and discrimination. children’s life skills, knowledge and participation expanding children’s knowledge and empowerment is crucial, particularly for girls. educated girls are less likely to agree to marry at a young age. Attempts to close gender gaps in education can include the establishment of child-friendly schools, cash incentives for parents and the expansion of non-formal education. capacity of families and communities

Legal perspective on Human Trafficking

Hence, â€Å"censorship† would be referred as an act, policy, decree to censor the Eddie. Censorship has always take an important role in history that deemed to suppress freedom of expression across different era. Early signs of censoring could be traced back into ancient societies. For instance, following the well-known story of Socrates being sentenced to drink poison during Greek empire, the Romans has treated censorship as an honorable task and recognized Its importance In shaping individual characteristics.On the other hand, looking Into the current China, there Is no surprise that the 1st China censorship law can be recorded as early as DADDY. Censorship is served for different purposes across the time-line of human 1 5th century, which is in contrast towards another purpose of enhancing the influence of Soviet Socialist Republic in Russian empire during 20th century. Its reasoning could be depending on nature of authority and its relation with citizens as well as the va lues of society itself.Despite the past is shadowed by censorship, demagnification of societies in modern days have become the cornerstone in realizing freedom of expressions. Countries in northern Europe, such as Sweden are frontiers that has made attempt to abolish censorship through introducing a law that guarantees freedom of press in 1766, which followed by Denmark-Norway in 17708. Meanwhile, the enforcement of first Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (1787) is regarded as the root of the comprehensive protection on freedom of expressions.However, in Malaysia context, censorship has remained upon today as important tools to 1 Oxford University Press, Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary (7th Eden, POP 2005) 237. 2 Oxford, Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary (n 1) 3 Meet Newt, ‘The long history of censorship' (Beacon for freedom, 2010) accessed November 2013. 4 Newt, ‘The long history of censorship' (n 3) 5 ibid 6 Army . Taft, ‘Censorship of film , broadcast and Internet' (Bibliophile Alexandrine, 2004) accessed 26 October 2013. Newt ‘The long history of censorship' (n 3); Sheldon S. Woolen, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (Princeton University Press, 2004) 8 Newt ‘The long history of censorship' (n 3) 9 ibid control and regulate various media to ensure there is no illicit materials to be spread among society. As a result, various Free Speech institutions have regarded Malaysia s a low scorer in freedom of expression.In fact, extensive censorship legislations are still enforced to regulate the As a result, various Free Speech institutions have regarded Malaysia as a low scorer in freedom of information received 1 . Due to large variety of media available, this assignment would only focus on evaluating the censorship restrictions on printing press and publication in Malaysia, particularly books, articles and printed news. Assessment will be conducted in basis of the exte nt of power, conflicts with freedom of expression as well as it effect on affected businesses. 0 Censorship in Malaysia Malaysia has fallen by 23 places to its historical lowest of 14th in 2013 because the access to information has becoming more and more limited. Within the Printing press and publication industry in Malaysia (Refer 3. 0), related parties would be subjected to few legislations enacted by government to administer the (PAPA) (Act 301) is a direct legal enforcement specifically implemented for printed media. Besides that, Sedition Act 1948 are frequently applied when dealing with dispute of censorship in printed media.On the other hand, freedom of expression offered in Judicial systems is available under Article 10 in Constitution of Malaysia. 2. 1 Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 (Act 301) (PAPA) Its former self is known as Printing Ordinance 1948, which is introduced by British colonial government into Malaysia during the beginning of state of emergency to co unteract the threat on the establishment arising from the Communist activities 3.Subsequently, the act becomes Printing Presses and publication act at year 1971 via amendments and incorporation of Imported Publications Act 1958 (Act 63) to prevent the provocation of racial sensitivities after the race riots 0 Freedom House, ‘Malaysia' (Freedom House, 2012) accessed 22 October 2013 1 1 Article 19, Malaysia: Joint submission to the UN universal periodic review' (Article 19, 11 March 2013) accessed 12 October 2013 12 Reporters without borders, ‘2013 World press freedom index: dashed hopes after spring' (Reporters without borders, 2013) accessed 22 October 2013 13 Jimmy, ‘The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (PAPA)' (CUE, 25 September 2010) accessed 10 October 2013 14 ibid of 196914. Further amendments are made to enhance the power of legislation and become today's Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 (Act 301). The general purpose of the act is punitive measure to public immaturity, potential racial conflict, and national security.It has reconciled the use of printing process, the printing, production, reproduction and distribution of publications, and the importation of publication from abroad 5. Within the Act, there are few notable sections that greatly expand the power of censorship as well as the responsibility of Minister, which are shown as below: Figure 1: Assessment on specific proviso in PAPAYA Section 3 – internal security Minister (Minister of home affairs) has absolute secretion in granting or refuses; revoke or suspended a license at any time and reasons, for a limited period. The common practices under this section are to issue license annually. Along with granting a license, minister may impose additional conditions such as deposits, which may be forfeited when an offence under the Act is committed.Section AAA – Juridical parties do not have any powers in questioning the decisions made by minister. Se ction 7(1)- Home Affairs Minister has the qualification to ban the publication of any book. The provision does not provide a clear and objective reasons on possible bans: publication which he is satisfied contains any article, caricature, photograph, report, notes, writing, sound, music, statement or any other thing which is likely to be prejudiced to public order, morality, security, the relationship with any foreign country or government, or which is likely to alarm public opinion, or which is likely to be contrary to any law or is otherwise prejudicial or is likely prejudicial to public interest or national interest. 5 caps, Media Freedom (CAPS, 3 June 2013) accessed 21 October 2013 16 corny, ‘The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (n 13) Article 8(1) – minister had the secretion to define offences through classifying it as publishing malicious â€Å"false news†. Action will take on any press outlet or publication when their writings are deemed as not taking â€Å"reasonable measures† to verify the truth of the news. Article 8 has been used frequently on critics, which successfully invoked against, 1998 – Limit Guan Eng (from TAP), for his criticism of the statutory rape case involving former Malice Chief Minister, Ihram Thumb Chick. 2003 – Irene Fernando (activist), for exposing the maltreatment of illegal migrant workers in detention camps. However the conviction was overturned on technicality in 2008 2005 – Khalid's Safari, who authored the book 50 Dali Meaning Inward Taiga Bole Jade PM 2. Malaysian Sedition Act 1948 The Sedition Act is enacted along with PAPA in 1948, serving similar purposes with PAPAYA. It is deemed to be copy of Sir James Stephens definition of what is and what is not seditious during British collaborations. Despite the communist insurgency has ended, but the Sedition Act continues to be used with full force today. As the 513 incident occurred in 1969, amendments were made throu gh Emergency Ordinance 971 to criminals any doubts noon: Part Ill (on citizenship), Article 152 (on national language), Article 153 (on the special positions of the Malay and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (the Rulers' sovereignty) of the Federal Constitution.Theoretically, sedition should be defined as the crime of revolting or inciting revolt against government or support for an enemy of a country during war time through speeches, publications or 17 curry, ‘The sedition Act 1948' (CUE, 25 September 2010) 10 October 2013 18 Adman, ‘The Sedition Act (1948)' Malaysia Today (Malaysia, 23 May 2013) accessed 21 October 013 19 Jellybean Anthony, ‘Seditious tendency? : political patronizing of free October 2013 20 US legal, ‘Sedition law & legal definition' (US legal, 2013) accessed 11 October 2013 organizational, but sedition does includes conspires to disrupt the legal operation of the government, protest government policy and is beyond expression of an opinion. However, the act is known to favors the prosecutor; meanwhile, many restrictions are imposed on freedom of expression, particularly regarding sensitive political issues. Notably, seditious would not Just to be deemed as a legal but also a lattice issue.Figure 2: Proviso extracts from Sedition Act 194822 In Section 3, seditious tendency is referred as: – to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against any Ruler or government. – to seek alteration other than by lawful means of any matter by law established. – to bring hatred or contempt to the administration of Justice in the country – to raise discontent or disaffection amongst the subjects – to promote ill-will and hostility between races or classes to question the provisions of the Constitution dealing with language, citizenship, the special privileges of the Malay and of the natives of Saba and Karakas and the sovereignty of the rulers. In Section 4(1), it covers th e: -preparation of an action, which would have â€Å"a seditious tendency'. Speech and the printing, publishing, selling (or offering for sale), distribution, reproduction or importation of seditious materials. 2. 3 Freedom of Expression under Article 10 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia As extracted: Figure 3: Extract of Article 1023 1 . Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4) † (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (b) all citizens eave the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to form associations. 21 Adman, ‘The sedition Act (1948)' (n 18) 22 corny, ‘The sedition Act 1948' (n 17) 23 Jimmy, ‘Article 10 of the Federal Constitution' (CUE, 24 September 2013) accessed 10 October 2013 2.Parliament may by law impose † on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any pa rt thereof, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and extinctions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any Legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence; on the right conferred by paragraph (b) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, or public order; on the right conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order or morality. 1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labor or education. 4. In imposing restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof or public order under Clause (2) (a), Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative establi shed or protected by the provisions of Part Ill, Article 152, Article 153 or Article 181 otherwise than in relation to the implementation thereof as may be specified in such law. Dry.Shad Salem Affair stated that the ‘freedom' under this article is fairly weak, armorial due to â€Å"Sensitive Matters Amendment†24 that allowed parliament to enforce restrictions on eight grounds – ‘public order, national security, incitement and offence, friendly relations with other states, contempt of court, contempt of Parliament, defamation, morality'25. From other perspective, it is perceived that ‘freedom' has already been weakened during drafting stage, which subsequently failed to ensure any restriction imposed on fundamental liberties are ‘reasonable' inside the final drafted. 24 ibid (n 23) 25 Shad Salem affair, ‘Much to cheer in book ban decision' The Star (Malaysia, 10 February 2010) accessed 22 October 2013 26 Jimmy, ‘Article 10 of the Fed eral Constitution' (n 23) 2. 4 Analysis: violation on freedom of expression caused by censorship The implementation of PAPA is mainly used in dealing with licensing of publications.Under this act, much discretion power has been given to the minister to administer the contents that are allowed to be published. Although implementation of licensing on print media do not breach freedom of expression under international laws, but it is subjected to criteria below: 1 . There is no discretion to refuse license, once the requisite information has been revived; 2. The system does not impose substantive conditions upon the print media; 3. The system is not excessively onerous; and 4. The system is administered by a body which is independent of government. Obviously, PAPA are not qualified to meet criteria above as referred to its section 3, 7(1), 9(1) and AAA.International law would also allow restrictions on freedom of expression, yet it only applicable under conditions that such restriction s are provided by law, whereby the law should be accessible and not excessively vague. In contrast with international laws, Centre of independence Journalism (CUE) expressed that many he international test regarding restrictions on freedom of expression. Figure 4: International test on Sedition Act 194830 Firstly, the crime of sedition in Malaysia is extremely ambiguous to meet the standard. Both â€Å"sedition† and â€Å"seditious tendency' are loosely defined and subjective terms such as â€Å"hatred†, â€Å"contempt†, â€Å"discontent†, â€Å"feelings of ill-will† and â€Å"disaffection† are used without any precise definition.Secondly, in legitimacy test states that restrictions are only permitted on basis of fundamental right for the purpose of protecting certain aims, namely the rights or petitions of 28 Toby Mendel, Restricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles (Centre for Law and Democracy, 16 September 2010) accessed 25 October 2013 29 Article 19, ‘Memorandum on the Malaysian sedition act 1948' (Article 19, July 2003) accessed 1 November 2013 30 Jimmy, ‘The Sedition Act 1948' (n 17); Article 19, ‘Memorandum on the Malaysian sedition act 1948' (n 29) others, national security or public order (order public), or public health or morals. Restrictions merely based on incidentally effect one of the legitimate aims listed would be regarded as insufficient. Lastly, for the necessity test, restrictions only can be permitted on legitimate objectives, which needs to be proportionate to outweighs the harms on freedom of expression or Justified by the benefits accrued.There should be no rational relationships found between maintaining the public order and the crime of sedition. In fact, public order could suffers when governments are shielded from criticism. In short, both Sedition Act and PAPA are crowned with considerable power to administer printed media as it's granted with excessive di scretion and its border of supremacy is further expanded with the supports from ambiguous proviso. The restrictions imposed in Malaysia are mainly targeted at the freedom of expression, unlike the international practices of restricting the restrictions that restrict the freedom of expression. Unfortunately, Article 10 does not voice out the ‘true' freedom as it is bound to restrictive measure that stipulated in so, 3 and 431.Observations show that the statements applied in these provisions share a similarity to what was written in Sedition Act. As a result, both Sedition Act and PAPA do not conflict with the constitution of Article 10, which make both legislations are legally Just in dealing tit freedom of expression. However, the legally equitable would only remain within the plain text of legislation. Proof. Dry. Andrew Aerie stated that mainstream media, such as print media have failed in their roles to inform and educate the public as well as interrogating the powered, whi ch basically caused by the ‘equitable' Sedition Act and PAPA. He further stated that civilized society recognize human beings as sentinels who are by authoritarian laws.Malaysia's authoritative censorship have been infamous across internationals, treated as an infringement against the motto of United Nation (UN) charter and the f the Federal Constitution' (n 23) 31 corny, ‘Article 10 32 Borneo post, ‘Abolish printing press and publication act' (Borneo Post, 1 April 2011) accessed 18 October 2013 33 Borneo post, ‘Abolish printing press and publication act' (n 2) 34 Lee shih-Ian, ‘UN tells Malaysia to abolish death penalty, respect religious practices and human rights' The Malaysian Insider (Malaysia, 25 October 2013) accessed 1 November 2013 35 Lee shih-Ian (n 34) universal declaration of human right. Prime Minister has been urged by United States and other UN members to keep his promise in abolishing these restrictive laws. ) A political cartoonist Gull ible Inward Haste, also known as Suzan is frequent target of Home Affair Ministry for his political sensitive works. Police have seized dozens copies of his book on the accusation of â€Å"prejudicial to public order† under Sedition Catch. Several compilations of his cartoons are banned too under PAPA ruling.Suzan has attempted to counter-attack by filing a Judicial review along with Malaysian, but the High Court in Koala Lump upheld the ban in July 201137. Again, Suzan challenged the government on the Sedition Act in later years and unsurprisingly received a lost. II) Historically, the Sedition Act has been invoked on those critical of the government, including the capability to suspend members of parliament's parliamentary immunity. As recent as year 2009, the law has been one of the main measures used to arrest those opposed to the BAN takeover of the Perk state governmental. Ill) Journalists will be sentenced for publishing â€Å"false news† under PAPA, but if both PAPA and Sedition couldn't dampen criticism, officials can resort to curb it with very powerful Internal Security Act.Government claims it is encourage self-censorship among Journalists. V) In Memorandum by Malaysian Demanding Press Freedom 2010, 3 out of 8 major violation of Press Freedom in past 52 weeks are related to print media, which includes: 1) â€Å"Inaccurate Report† by â€Å"China Press† on ‘Gasp resignation, which is clarified that its retirement is at September. 2) A New Publication Guidelines for Newspapers are elaborated but ambiguously worded 36 Bob Dietz, ‘No Joke: Malaysian October 2013. 37 ibid (n 36) 38 Report without borders, ‘Another court sides with Malaysian government against political cartoonist' (IBEX, 12 November 2013) accessed 16 November 2013. 9 Jimmy, The sedition Act 1948†² (n 17) 40 Bob Dietz, ‘No Joke: Malaysian cartoonist stands up to government' (n 36) 41 Margin, ‘Stop political intervention, self- censorship in media industry' (Lira, 10 June 2010) accessed 3 November 2013 guidelines were framed as â€Å"self-regulation†. The newspapers were reportedly instructed not to cover news related to cohabitation, adultery, homosexuality, counter-culture; and no graphics of human genitalia and G-strings. 3) Confiscation of Books l) â€Å"Malaysian Maverick: Mathis Mohammad in Turbulent Times† were confiscated and anted for short periods, contends that the fourth prime minister was responsible for losses of OROMO billion during his term in office. II) â€Å"Where Is Justice† and â€Å"1 Funny Malaysia† – published by â€Å"Malaysian† while written and drawn by Suzan.Regardless of all these issues, courts' decisions and their interpretation on both legislations remained as the primary references in evaluating the extent of freedom of expression. Entities are often being charged under both PAPA and Sedition Act by the public prosecutor for any pr inted article that regarded as unacceptable. In the ease of Public Prosecutor v Pun Chin Chignon , where the supreme court held that â€Å"false news† will not be Justified under Section 8(1) if the accused are capable to prove its efforts in verifying the truth of the news. Otherwise, freedom of expression would be restricted under Article 10(2)(a) if breached against section 8(1). In a similar case of Deputy Public Prosecutor of Malaysia v.Irene Fernando, its publication of report entitled â€Å"Abuse, Torture and Diminished Conditions of Migrant Workers in Detention Centers† are charged under Section 8 (1) of PAPA as well. Mrs†¦ Urine's civil sights are restricted as the court condemned that the reports are providing maliciously false information. It is only to be reversed by High Court Judge Mohammad Panic All after the 13 years old court battle. Both cases have illustrated that extensive proofs are needed to escape from the restrictive measures raised by the prosecutor under PAPA. Besides that, in the case Limit Guan Eng v Public Prosecutor, the appellant (Limit Guan Eng) is charged under both PAPA and Sedition Act regarding two different issues.The ‘false news' distributed in the form of pamphlet is upheld by court as luscious information, due to the fact that 19941 MAMMAL 42 43 The public eye awards, ‘Irene Fernando' (The public eye awards, 2009) accessed 28 October 2013 44 Fide, ‘Ms. Irene Fernando finally acquitted! ‘ (fled, 25 November 2008) accessed judge has chosen the dictionaries that defined the key term ‘mangos debarkation' that in favors of Section 8(1). Besides, the court clarified that protection will not be accorded to anyone charged under the Sedition Act [Article 63(4)], which overthrown the Article 63 (1) & (2). Appellant are unable to rely on reasonable efforts in verifying the truth as the Judge relied on Record of Parliamentary Debates of the House of Representatives as admissible evid ence to ascertain this issue.For the charge on Sedition Act, appellant loses his ground as Judgment favors the statement of KIP Stanley Lie made, which is corroborated by two other police officer, Karri Budding and Inspector Look Yoke Choc. Appellant are not able to prove that statement as uncorroborated. It is key evidence in determining whether the appellant's speech contained seditious words regarding the non-prosecution of an ledge rape case involving Tan Sir Ihram Thumb Chick. According to Melanin bin Abdullah & Nor v Public Prosecutor, the case has illustrated a circumstances where the publisher has a clear sign of opposing both constitutions and sedition acts.Tutu's Namely as a newspaper publisher has published a talk given by prominent Malay leader and Member of Parliament with the sub-heading of ‘Abolish Tamil or Chinese medium schools in this country'. The outrageous statements, has breached several provisions that enacted to protect public order and racial stability . Without any dissent, the court held the news as editions under Sedition Act so(1)(f) in accordance with violation of Article 152 (l)(a) & (b). Besides that, Article 10 so is applicable in restricting the freedom of expression, which aligned with Article 152, Article 153 or Article 181 . 2. 5 Final Comments Although the legislations enacted does not define or express the term ‘censorship', but the practices conducted by the authorities are indeed exhibited the nature of censorship itself.